Network Function Virtualization

List of Figures ix List of Tables xiii Preface xv List of Abbreviation and Acronyms xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Cloud-Enabled 5G: SDN and NFV 3 1.1.1 Benefits 6 1.1.2 Challenges 7 1.2 Supporting Technologies 8 1.2.1 Cloud Computing 8 1.2.2 Network Virtualization 9 1.2.3 Network Functions Virtualization 9 1.2.4 Software-Defined Networking 10 1.3 Outline of Chapters 10 2 Virtualization and Cloud Computing 13 2.1 Cloud Computing 13 2.1.1 Architecture 13 2.1.2 Types of Clouds 15 2.1.3 Challenges 16 2.2 Host Virtualization 18 2.2.1 Overview 18 2.2.1.1 Benefits 19 2.2.1.2 Use Cases 19 2.2.2 Virtualization Techniques 20 2.2.2.1 Hardware-Level Virtualization 20 2.2.2.2 Other Virtualization Techniques 21 2.2.3 Containers 21 2.3 Network Virtualization 22 2.3.1 Overlay Networks 24 2.3.2 Virtual Private Network 24 2.3.3 Virtual Sharing Networks 27 2.3.4 Switch-Based SDN Virtualization 29 2.3.5 Host-Based Network Virtualization 31 2.4 Wireless Virtualization 32 2.5 Summary 36 3 Network Function Virtualization 37 3.1 NFV Architecture 38 3.2 NFV Use Cases and Examples 42 3.3 NFV Challenges 45 3.4 NFV Orchestration 46 3.4.1 NFV Performance Characterization 47 3.4.2 NFV Performance Improvements 49 3.5 NF Modeling 50 3.5.1 Source-Code-Based Modeling 52 3.5.1.1 Background 52 3.5.1.2 Modeling Example 53 3.5.1.3 Models 55 3.5.1.4 Model Extraction Overview 56 3.5.2 Black Box Modeling 58 3.5.3 Modeling Applications 60 3.6 VNF Placement 61 3.7 Summary 65 4 Software-Defined Networks Principles and Applications 67 4.1 SDN Overview 68 4.1.1 Motivations 68 4.1.2 Architecture 69 4.1.2.1 Separation of Control and Data Plane 69 4.1.2.2 Northbound Open APIs 71 4.1.2.3 Southbound Control/Data Plane Protocol 71 4.1.2.4 Applications 72 4.1.3 Use Cases 72 4.2 SDN Controller 73 4.2.1 Controller Deployment Choices 75 4.2.2 Apps on SDN Controller 77 4.3 SDN Data Plane 78 4.4 SDN Management 80 4.4.1 Anomaly Detection 80 4.4.2 Network Measurement 82 4.4.3 Failure Recovery 84 4.4.4 Controller Placement 86 4.4.4.1 A Special Study: Controller to Switch Connectivity 89 4.4.4.2 Node Versus Link Failure 94 4.4.4.3 Downstream Versus Upstream Nodes 95 4.5 SDN Security Attack Prevention 96 4.5.1 SENSS Architecture 98 4.5.2 SENSS Uses 100 4.5.2.1 DDoS 100 4.5.2.2 Prefix Hijacking 101 4.6 SDN Traffic Engineering 101 4.6.1 TE Architecture and Solution Overview 103 4.6.1.1 Hierarchical Control Structure 103 4.6.1.2 Control Node Design 104 4.6.1.3 Scalability Benefit 105 4.6.2 Design Challenges 105 4.6.3 TE Solution Overview 106 4.7 Summary 107 5 SDN and NFV in 5G 109 5.1 5G Overview 110 5.1.1 Architecture 110 5.2 Service Function Chaining 112 5.2.1 OpenFlow-Based SFC Solution 114 5.2.1.1 Represent Directions with Port Types 118 5.2.1.2 Realize Policies with Multiple Forwarding Tables 119 5.2.1.3 Handle Dynamics with the Microflow Table 120 5.2.1.4 Encode Service Chaining with Metadata 121 5.2.1.5 Summary of Dataplane Functions 122 5.2.2 SFC Monitoring 122 5.2.2.1 Handling Multiple Monitoring Tasks 125 5.2.3 Optical SFC 126 5.2.3.1 Service Placement in Optical NFV 129 5.2.4 Verification of Service Function Chaining 132 5.3 Core Network Functions Virtualization: vEPC 135 5.3.1 Existing Solutions Problems 137 5.3.2 Virtualization and Cloud-Assisted PC 138 5.4 Virtualized Customer Premises Equipment 141 5.4.1 Requirements 142 5.4.2 Design 144 5.5 Summary 146 6 Open Source and Research Activities 147 6.1 Open Source Initiatives 148 6.1.1 OpenStack 148 6.1.2 OpenDayLight 150 6.1.3 OPNFV 152 6.1.4 CORD: Central Office Re-architected as a Data Center 154 6.2 NFV Research Problems 155 6.3 Summary 157 References 159 Index 169