Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices

Series Editor's Foreword xiii Preface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii 1 Liquid Crystal Physics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics 5 1.3 Orientational Order 10 1.4 Elastic Properties of Liquid Crystals 21 1.5 Response of Liquid Crystals to Electromagnetic Fields 27 1.6 Anchoring Effects of Nematic Liquid Crystal at Surfaces 38 1.7 Liquid crystal director elastic deformation 40 Homework Problems 48 References 49 2 Propagation of Light in Anisotropic Optical Media 51 2.1 Electromagnetic Wave 51 2.2 Polarization 54 2.3 Propagation of Light in Uniform Anisotropic Optical Media 59 2.4 Propagation of Light in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 72 Homework Problems 85 References 86 3 Optical Modeling Methods 87 3.1 Jones Matrix Method 87 3.2 Mueller Matrix Method 98 3.3 Berreman 4 × 4 Method 113 Homework Problems 124 References 125 4 Effects of Electric Field on Liquid Crystals 127 4.1 Dielectric Interaction 127 4.2 Flexoelectric Effect 132 4.3 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal 138 Homework Problems 146 References 147 5 Fréedericksz Transition 149 5.1 Calculus of Variation 149 5.2 Fréedericksz Transition: Statics 153 5.3 Measurement of Anchoring Strength 166 5.4 Measurement of Pretilt Angle 171 5.5 Fréedericksz Transition: Dynamics 175 Homework Problems 187 References 188 6 Liquid Crystal Materials 191 6.1 Introduction 191 6.2 Refractive Indices 192 6.3 Dielectric Constants 201 6.4 Rotational Viscosity 204 6.5 Elastic Constants 204 6.6 Figure-of-Merit (FoM) 205 6.7 Index Matching between Liquid Crystals and Polymers 206 Homework problems 210 References 210 7 Modeling Liquid Crystal Director Configuration 213 7.1 Electric Energy of Liquid Crystals 213 7.2 Modeling Electric Field 218 7.3 Simulation of Liquid Crystal Director Configuration 221 Homework Problems 232 References 232 8 Transmissive Liquid Crystal Displays 235 8.1 Introduction 235 8.2 Twisted Nematic (TN) Cells 236 8.3 In-Plane Switching Mode 241 8.4 Vertical Alignment Mode 263 8.5 Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment Cells 266 8.6 Optically Compensated Bend Cell 277 Homework Problems 281 References 283 9 Reflective and Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays 285 9.1 Introduction 285 9.2 Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays 286 9.3 Transflector 290 9.4 Classification of Transflective LCDs 293 9.5 Dual-Cell-Gap Transflective LCDs 312 9.6 Single-Cell-Gap Transflective LCDs 314 9.7 Performance of Transflective LCDs 314 Homework Problems 316 References 316 10 Liquid Crystal Display Matrices, Drive Schemes and Bistable Displays 321 10.1 Segmented Displays 321 10.2 Passive Matrix Displays and Drive Scheme 322 10.3 Active Matrix Displays 326 10.4 Bistable Ferroelectric LCD and Drive Scheme 330 10.5 Bistable Nematic Displays 332 10.6 Bistable Cholesteric Reflective Display 342 Homework Problems 358 References 359 11 Liquid Crystal/Polymer Composites 363 11.1 Introduction 363 11.2 Phase Separation 365 11.3 Scattering Properties of LCPCs 377 11.4 Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals 383 11.5 PSLCs 395 11.6 Scattering-Based Displays from LCPCs 400 11.7 Polymer-Stabilized LCDs 403 Homework Problems 407 References 409 12 Tunable Liquid Crystal Photonic Devices 413 12.1 Introduction 413 12.2 Laser Beam Steering 414 12.3 Variable Optical Attenuators 419 12.4 Tunable-Focus Lens 423 12.5 Polarization-Independent LC Devices 435 Homework Problems 441 References 442 13 Blue Phases of Chiral Liquid Crystals 445 13.1 Introduction 445 13.2 Phase Diagram of Blue Phases 446 13.3 Reflection of Blue Phases 447 13.4 Structure of Blue Phase 451 13.5 Optical Properties of Blue Phase 471 Homework Problems 475 References 475 14 Polymer-Stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystals 477 14.1 Introduction 477 14.2 Polymer-Stabilized Blue Phases 480 14.3 Kerr Effect 484 14.4 Device Configurations 496 14.5 Vertical Field Switching 507 14.6 Phase Modulation 510 References 510 15 Liquid Crystal Display Components 513 15.1 Introduction 513 15.2 Light Source 513 15.3 Light-guide 516 15.4 Diffuser 516 15.5 Collimation Film 518 15.6 Polarizer 519 15.7 Compensation Film 530 15.8 Color Filter 535 References 536 16 Three-Dimensional Displays 539 16.1 Introduction 539 16.2 Depth Cues 539 16.3 Stereoscopic Displays 541 16.4 Autostereoscopic Displays 546 16.5 Integral imaging 553 16.6 Holography 554 16.7 Volumetric displays 556 References 560 Index 565