World Civilizations
The Global Experience, Volume 1
6th Edition
Published on 1. April 2010
Book
Paperback/Softback
576 pages
978-0-205-65958-6 (ISBN)
Description
Designed for introductory-level survey courses in World History.
The primary goal of World Civilizations is to present a truly global history-from the development of agriculture and herding to the present. Using a unique periodization, this book divides the main periods of human history according to changes in the nature and extent of global contacts.
This global world history text emphasizes the major stages in the interactions among different peoples and societies, while at the same time assessing the development of major societies. Encompassing social and cultural as well as political and economic history, the book examines key civilizations in world history. World Civilizations balances this discussion of independent developments in the world's major civilizations with comparative analysis of the results of global contact.
The primary goal of World Civilizations is to present a truly global history-from the development of agriculture and herding to the present. Using a unique periodization, this book divides the main periods of human history according to changes in the nature and extent of global contacts.
This global world history text emphasizes the major stages in the interactions among different peoples and societies, while at the same time assessing the development of major societies. Encompassing social and cultural as well as political and economic history, the book examines key civilizations in world history. World Civilizations balances this discussion of independent developments in the world's major civilizations with comparative analysis of the results of global contact.
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Persons
Peter N. Stearns
Peter N. Stearns is provost and professor of history
at George Mason University. He received his Ph.D.
from Harvard University. Before moving to George
Mason University, he taught at Rutgers University,
the University of Chicago, and Carnegie Mellon,
where he won the Robert Doherty Educational
Leadership Award and the Elliott Dunlap Smith Teaching Award. He has
taught world history for more than 15 years. He currently serves as chair
of the Advanced Placement World History Committee and also founded
and is the editor of the Journal of Social History. In addition to textbooks
and readers, he has written studies of gender and consumerism in a world
history context. Other books address modern social and cultural history
and include studies on gender, old age, work, dieting, and emotion. His
most recent book in this area is American Fear: Causes and Consequences
of High Anxiety.
Michael Adas
Michael Adas is the Abraham Voorhees Professor of
History and a board of governor's chair at Rutgers
University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Over the
past couple of decades his teaching has focused on
patterns and processes of global and comparative
history. His courses on race and empire in the early
modern and industrial eras and on world history in the 20th century have
earned him a number of teaching prizes. In addition to texts on world
history, Adas has written mainly on the comparative history of colonialism
and its impact on the peoples and societies of Asia and Africa. His
books include Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and
Ideologies of Western Dominance, which won the Dexter Prize, and the recently
published Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and
America's Civilizing Mission. He is currently writing a global history of the
First World War.
Stuart B. Schwartz
Stuart B. Schwartz was born and educated in Springfield,
Massachusetts, and then attended Middlebury
College and the Universidad Autonoma de Mexico.
He has an M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University
in Latin American history. He taught for many
years at the University of Minnesota and joined the
faculty at Yale University in 1996. He has also taught in Brazil, Puerto
Rico, Spain, France, and Portugal. He is a specialist on the history of colonial
Latin America, especially Brazil, and is the author of numerous
books, notably Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society
(1985), which won the Bolton Prize for the best book in Latin American
History. He is also the author of Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels (1992), Early
Latin America(1983), and Victors and Vanquished (1999). He has held fellowships
from the Guggenheim Foundation and the Institute for Advanced
Study (Princeton). For his work on Brazil he was recently
decorated by the Brazilian government. He continues to read widely in
the history and anthropology of Latin America, Africa, and early modern
Europe.
Marc Jason Gilbert
Marc Jason Gilbert is the holder of an NEHsupported
Chair in World History at Hawaii Pacific
University in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is a former University
System of Georgia Distinguished Professor of
Teaching and Learning. He received his Ph.D in history
in 1978 at UCLA, where he built his own program
in world history out of a mixture of more traditional fields. He is a
founding member of the World History Association and one of its initial
elected officers.More than a decade ago, he founded and served as executive
director of the Southeastern World History Association. He has codirected
two Summer Institutes for Teaching Advanced Placement World
History. He has attempted to bring a global dimension to the study of
south and southeast Asian history in numerous articles and books, such
as Why the North Won the Vietnam War.
Peter N. Stearns is provost and professor of history
at George Mason University. He received his Ph.D.
from Harvard University. Before moving to George
Mason University, he taught at Rutgers University,
the University of Chicago, and Carnegie Mellon,
where he won the Robert Doherty Educational
Leadership Award and the Elliott Dunlap Smith Teaching Award. He has
taught world history for more than 15 years. He currently serves as chair
of the Advanced Placement World History Committee and also founded
and is the editor of the Journal of Social History. In addition to textbooks
and readers, he has written studies of gender and consumerism in a world
history context. Other books address modern social and cultural history
and include studies on gender, old age, work, dieting, and emotion. His
most recent book in this area is American Fear: Causes and Consequences
of High Anxiety.
Michael Adas
Michael Adas is the Abraham Voorhees Professor of
History and a board of governor's chair at Rutgers
University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Over the
past couple of decades his teaching has focused on
patterns and processes of global and comparative
history. His courses on race and empire in the early
modern and industrial eras and on world history in the 20th century have
earned him a number of teaching prizes. In addition to texts on world
history, Adas has written mainly on the comparative history of colonialism
and its impact on the peoples and societies of Asia and Africa. His
books include Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and
Ideologies of Western Dominance, which won the Dexter Prize, and the recently
published Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and
America's Civilizing Mission. He is currently writing a global history of the
First World War.
Stuart B. Schwartz
Stuart B. Schwartz was born and educated in Springfield,
Massachusetts, and then attended Middlebury
College and the Universidad Autonoma de Mexico.
He has an M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University
in Latin American history. He taught for many
years at the University of Minnesota and joined the
faculty at Yale University in 1996. He has also taught in Brazil, Puerto
Rico, Spain, France, and Portugal. He is a specialist on the history of colonial
Latin America, especially Brazil, and is the author of numerous
books, notably Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society
(1985), which won the Bolton Prize for the best book in Latin American
History. He is also the author of Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels (1992), Early
Latin America(1983), and Victors and Vanquished (1999). He has held fellowships
from the Guggenheim Foundation and the Institute for Advanced
Study (Princeton). For his work on Brazil he was recently
decorated by the Brazilian government. He continues to read widely in
the history and anthropology of Latin America, Africa, and early modern
Europe.
Marc Jason Gilbert
Marc Jason Gilbert is the holder of an NEHsupported
Chair in World History at Hawaii Pacific
University in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is a former University
System of Georgia Distinguished Professor of
Teaching and Learning. He received his Ph.D in history
in 1978 at UCLA, where he built his own program
in world history out of a mixture of more traditional fields. He is a
founding member of the World History Association and one of its initial
elected officers.More than a decade ago, he founded and served as executive
director of the Southeastern World History Association. He has codirected
two Summer Institutes for Teaching Advanced Placement World
History. He has attempted to bring a global dimension to the study of
south and southeast Asian history in numerous articles and books, such
as Why the North Won the Vietnam War.
Content
Maps xi
Preface xiii
Supplements xix
About the Authors xxi
Prologue xxiii
PART I
EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES, 2.5 MILLION-1000 B.C.E.:
ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT 2
CHAPTER 1 The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth
of Civilization 10
Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers 11
DOCUMENT:
Tales of the Hunt: Paleolithic Cave Paintings
as History 15
Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Neolithic
Revolution 17
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Representations of Women
in Early Art 21
The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization 22
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Idea of Civilization in World
Historical Perspective 24
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Neolithic Revolution
as the Basis for World History 26
Further Readings 26
On the Web 26
CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Civilization in the Middle
East and Africa 28
Early Civilization in Mesopotamia 28
Later Mesopotamian Civilization: A Series of Conquests 33
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mesopotamia in Maps 34
DOCUMENT: Hammurabi's Law Code 35
Ancient Egypt 36
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Women in Patriarchal Societies 38
Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared 40
Civilization Centers in Africa and the Eastern
Mediterranean 41
The Issue of Heritage 44
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Early Civilizations
and the World 45
Further Readings 45
On the Web 46
CHAPTER 3 Asia's First Civilizations: India
and China 48
The Indus Valley and the Birth of South Asian
Civilization 50
Aryan Incursions and Early Aryan Society in India 53
DOCUMENT: Aryan Poetry in Praise of a War Horse 56
A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China 56
iv
Contents
The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou
Dominance 60
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Nomadic Contacts
and the Endurance of Asia's First Civilizations 62
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Rise
of Civilizations 64
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Contrasting Legacies: Harappan
and Early Chinese Civilizations 66
Further Readings 66
On the Web 66
PART II
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, 1000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.:
UNITING LARGE REGIONS 72
CHAPTER 4 Unification and the Consolidation
of Civilization in China 80
Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the
Later Zhou 81
DOCUMENT: Teachings of the Rival Chinese Schools 85
The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity 85
The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China's
Classical Age 89
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Xunzi and the Shift from Ritual
Combat to "Real"War 90
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capital Designs and Patterns
of Political Power 96
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Classical China and the World 100
Further Readings 100
On the Web 101
CHAPTER 5 Classical Civilizations in the Eastern
Mediterranean and Middle East 102
The Persian Empire: A New Perspective
in the Middle East 104
The Political Character of Classical Greece 106
The Hellenistic Period 110
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Political Rituals in Persia 113
Greek and Hellenistic Culture 113
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Defining Social History 114
Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Society 118
DOCUMENT: The Power of Greek Drama 119
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Persia, Greece, and the World 121
Further Readings 122
On the Web 122
CHAPTER 6 Religious Rivalries and India's
Golden Age 124
The Age of Brahman Dominance 125
An Era of Widespread Social Change 127
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Inequality as a Social Norm 129
Religious Ferment and the Rise of Buddhism 132
The Rise and Decline of the Mauryas 134
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Contents v
Brahmanical Recovery and the Splendors
of the Gupta Age 136
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Pattern of Trade in the Ancient
Eurasian World 138
Intensifying Caste and Gender Inequities
and Gupta Decline 141
DOCUMENT: A Guardian's Farewell Speech to a Young
Woman About to Be Married 142
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: India and the Wider World 143
Further Readings 144
On the Web 144
CHAPTER 7 Rome and Its Empire 146
The Development of Rome's Republic 147
Roman Culture 151
DOCUMENT: Rome and a Values Crisis 153
How Rome Ruled Its Empire 153
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religions in Rome 156
The Evolution of Rome's Economic
and Social Structure 156
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Classical Civilizations
in Comparative Perspective 158
The Origins of Christianity 159
The Decline of Rome 161
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Rome and the World 162
Further Readings 162
On the Web 163
CHAPTER 8 The Peoples and Civilizations
of the Americas 164
Origins of American Societies 166
Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica 171
DOCUMENT: Deciphering the Maya Glyphs 175
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Different Times for Different
Peoples 176
The Peoples to the North 177
The Andean World 180
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Ancient Agriculture 183
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: American Civilizations
and the World 184
Further Readings 184
On the Web 185
CHAPTER 9 The Spread of Civilizations
and the Movement of Peoples 186
The Spread of Civilization in Africa 188
DOCUMENT: Myths of Origin 194
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Language as a Historical
Source 198
Nomadic Societies and Indo-European Migrations 198
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Varieties of Human Adaptation
and the Potential for Civilization 204
The Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan 204
Political and Social Change 208
The Scattered Societies of Polynesia 209
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Emerging Cultures 214
Further Readings 214
On the Web 215
CHAPTER 10 The End of the Classical Era:World
History in Transition, 200-700 C.E. 216
Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia 217
DOCUMENT: The Popularization of Buddhism 219
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 221
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem of Decline
and Fall 225
The Development and Spread of World Religions 226
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religious Geography 229
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Late Classical Period
and the World 230
Further Readings 230
On the Web 231
PART III
THE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 500-1450:
NEW FAITH AND NEW COMMERCE 236
CHAPTER 11 The First Global Civilization:
The Rise and Spread of Islam 244
Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World 245
The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam 250
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads 253
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Civilization and Gender
Relationships 260
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era 262
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic
Civilization 264
DOCUMENT: The Thousand and One Nights as a Mirror
of Elite Society in the Abbasid Era 266
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Early Islam and the World 267
Further Readings 268
On the Web 268
CHAPTER 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread
of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast
Asia 270
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle
and Late Abbasid Eras 271
DOCUMENT: Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline
of Empires 276
An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements 276
The Coming of Islam to South Asia 280
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Patterns of Islam's
Global Expansions 281
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Conversion and Accommodation
in the Spread of World Religions 286
The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia 288
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Islam: A Bridge Between
Worlds 290
Further Readings 290
On the Web 290
7135A01_FM01.qxp_jm 10/12/09 10:14 AM Page v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 13 African Civilizations and the Spread
of Islam 292
African Societies: Diversity and Similarities 293
Kingdoms of the Grasslands 297
DOCUMENT: The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic
of Sundiata 300
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Architecture of Faith 303
The Swahili Coast of East Africa 303
Peoples of the Forest and Plains 305
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Transitions in the History
of World Population 306
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Internal Development
and Global Contacts 310
Further Readings 310
On the Web 311
CHAPTER 14 Civilization in Eastern Europe:
Byzantium and Orthodox Europe 312
Civilization in Eastern Europe 312
The Byzantine Empire 314
VISUALIZING THE PAST:Women and Power
in Byzantium 317
The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity 318
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Eastern and Western Europe:
The Problem of Boundaries 321
The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe 321
The Emergence of Kievan Rus' 323
DOCUMENT: Russia Turns to Christianity 324
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Eastern Europe and the World 326
Further Readings 326
On the Web 326
CHAPTER 15 A New Civilization Emerges in Western
Europe 328
Stages of Postclassical Development 329
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Peasant Labor 331
DOCUMENT: European Travel: A Monk Visits Jerusalem 337
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Western Civilization 339
Western Culture in the Postclassical Era 340
Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical
Centuries 342
The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis 346
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Medieval Europe
and the World 348
Further Readings 349
On the Web 349
CHAPTER 16 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion 350
Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000-1500 C.E. 351
Aztec Society in Transition 357
DOCUMENT: Aztec Women and Men 359
Twantinsuyu:World of the Incas 360
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Archeological Evidence of Political
Practices 362
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The "Troubling" Civilizations
of the Americas 364
The Other Peoples of the Americas 367
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Americas and the World 370
Further Readings 370
On the Web 370
CHAPTER 17 Reunification and Renaissance
in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang
and Song Dynasties 372
Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Era 373
DOCUMENT: Ties That Bind: Paths to Power 378
Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song 380
Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age 384
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Footbinding as a Marker of Male
Dominance 388
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artistic Expression
and Social Values 390
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: China's World Role 392
Further Readings 392
On the Web 393
CHAPTER 18 The Spread of Chinese Civilization:
Japan, Korea, and Vietnam 394
Japan: The Imperial Age 395
The Era of Warrior Dominance 400
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Comparing Feudalisms 402
Korea: Between China and Japan 406
Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making
of Vietnam 409
VISUALIZING THE PAST:What Their Portraits Tell Us:
Gatekeeper Elites and the Persistence of Civilizations 412
DOCUMENT: Literature as a Mirror of the Exchanges
Between Civilized Centers 415
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: In the Orbit of China: The East
Asian Corner of the Global System 415
Further Readings 416
On the Web 416
CHAPTER 19 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges:
From Chinggis Khan to Timur 418
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan 420
DOCUMENT: A European Assessment of the Virtues
and Vices of the Mongols 424
The Mongol Drive to the West 426
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mongol Empire as a Bridge
Between Civilizations 429
The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History 430
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Global Eclipse
of the Nomadic Warrior Culture 434
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Mongol Linkages 436
Further Readings 437
On the Web 437
CHAPTER 20 The World in 1450: Changing Balance
ofWorld Power 438
Key Changes in the Middle East 439
The Rise of the West 442
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Contents vii
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Population Trends 443
DOCUMENT: Bubonic Plague 444
Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase 447
Outside the World Network 448
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem
of Ethnocentrism 450
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: 1450 and the World 451
Further Readings 451
On the Web 452
PART IV
THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450-1750:
THEWORLD SHRINKS 458
CHAPTER 21 The World Economy 466
The West's First Outreach:Maritime Power 466
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Causation and the West's
Expansion 471
Toward a World Economy 472
VISUALIZING THE PAST:West Indian Slaveholding 475
Colonial Expansion 477
DOCUMENT:Western Conquerors: Tactics and Motives 478
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The World Economy-
And the World 483
Further Readings 484
On the Web 484
CHAPTER 22 The Transformation of the West,
1450-1750 486
The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce,
1450-1650 487
The Commercial Revolution 492
The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change 495
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Versailles 497
Political Change 497
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Elites and Masses 498
The West by 1750 500
DOCUMENT: Controversies About Women 501
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Europe and the World 504
Further Readings 504
On the Web 505
Preface xiii
Supplements xix
About the Authors xxi
Prologue xxiii
PART I
EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES, 2.5 MILLION-1000 B.C.E.:
ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT 2
CHAPTER 1 The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth
of Civilization 10
Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers 11
DOCUMENT:
Tales of the Hunt: Paleolithic Cave Paintings
as History 15
Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Neolithic
Revolution 17
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Representations of Women
in Early Art 21
The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization 22
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Idea of Civilization in World
Historical Perspective 24
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Neolithic Revolution
as the Basis for World History 26
Further Readings 26
On the Web 26
CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Civilization in the Middle
East and Africa 28
Early Civilization in Mesopotamia 28
Later Mesopotamian Civilization: A Series of Conquests 33
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mesopotamia in Maps 34
DOCUMENT: Hammurabi's Law Code 35
Ancient Egypt 36
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Women in Patriarchal Societies 38
Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared 40
Civilization Centers in Africa and the Eastern
Mediterranean 41
The Issue of Heritage 44
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Early Civilizations
and the World 45
Further Readings 45
On the Web 46
CHAPTER 3 Asia's First Civilizations: India
and China 48
The Indus Valley and the Birth of South Asian
Civilization 50
Aryan Incursions and Early Aryan Society in India 53
DOCUMENT: Aryan Poetry in Praise of a War Horse 56
A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China 56
iv
Contents
The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou
Dominance 60
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Nomadic Contacts
and the Endurance of Asia's First Civilizations 62
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Rise
of Civilizations 64
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Contrasting Legacies: Harappan
and Early Chinese Civilizations 66
Further Readings 66
On the Web 66
PART II
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, 1000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.:
UNITING LARGE REGIONS 72
CHAPTER 4 Unification and the Consolidation
of Civilization in China 80
Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the
Later Zhou 81
DOCUMENT: Teachings of the Rival Chinese Schools 85
The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity 85
The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China's
Classical Age 89
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Xunzi and the Shift from Ritual
Combat to "Real"War 90
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capital Designs and Patterns
of Political Power 96
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Classical China and the World 100
Further Readings 100
On the Web 101
CHAPTER 5 Classical Civilizations in the Eastern
Mediterranean and Middle East 102
The Persian Empire: A New Perspective
in the Middle East 104
The Political Character of Classical Greece 106
The Hellenistic Period 110
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Political Rituals in Persia 113
Greek and Hellenistic Culture 113
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Defining Social History 114
Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Society 118
DOCUMENT: The Power of Greek Drama 119
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Persia, Greece, and the World 121
Further Readings 122
On the Web 122
CHAPTER 6 Religious Rivalries and India's
Golden Age 124
The Age of Brahman Dominance 125
An Era of Widespread Social Change 127
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Inequality as a Social Norm 129
Religious Ferment and the Rise of Buddhism 132
The Rise and Decline of the Mauryas 134
7135A01_FM01.qxp_jm 10/12/09 10:14 AM Page iv
Contents v
Brahmanical Recovery and the Splendors
of the Gupta Age 136
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Pattern of Trade in the Ancient
Eurasian World 138
Intensifying Caste and Gender Inequities
and Gupta Decline 141
DOCUMENT: A Guardian's Farewell Speech to a Young
Woman About to Be Married 142
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: India and the Wider World 143
Further Readings 144
On the Web 144
CHAPTER 7 Rome and Its Empire 146
The Development of Rome's Republic 147
Roman Culture 151
DOCUMENT: Rome and a Values Crisis 153
How Rome Ruled Its Empire 153
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religions in Rome 156
The Evolution of Rome's Economic
and Social Structure 156
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Classical Civilizations
in Comparative Perspective 158
The Origins of Christianity 159
The Decline of Rome 161
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Rome and the World 162
Further Readings 162
On the Web 163
CHAPTER 8 The Peoples and Civilizations
of the Americas 164
Origins of American Societies 166
Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica 171
DOCUMENT: Deciphering the Maya Glyphs 175
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Different Times for Different
Peoples 176
The Peoples to the North 177
The Andean World 180
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Ancient Agriculture 183
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: American Civilizations
and the World 184
Further Readings 184
On the Web 185
CHAPTER 9 The Spread of Civilizations
and the Movement of Peoples 186
The Spread of Civilization in Africa 188
DOCUMENT: Myths of Origin 194
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Language as a Historical
Source 198
Nomadic Societies and Indo-European Migrations 198
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Varieties of Human Adaptation
and the Potential for Civilization 204
The Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan 204
Political and Social Change 208
The Scattered Societies of Polynesia 209
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Emerging Cultures 214
Further Readings 214
On the Web 215
CHAPTER 10 The End of the Classical Era:World
History in Transition, 200-700 C.E. 216
Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia 217
DOCUMENT: The Popularization of Buddhism 219
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 221
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem of Decline
and Fall 225
The Development and Spread of World Religions 226
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religious Geography 229
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Late Classical Period
and the World 230
Further Readings 230
On the Web 231
PART III
THE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 500-1450:
NEW FAITH AND NEW COMMERCE 236
CHAPTER 11 The First Global Civilization:
The Rise and Spread of Islam 244
Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World 245
The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam 250
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads 253
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Civilization and Gender
Relationships 260
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era 262
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic
Civilization 264
DOCUMENT: The Thousand and One Nights as a Mirror
of Elite Society in the Abbasid Era 266
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Early Islam and the World 267
Further Readings 268
On the Web 268
CHAPTER 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread
of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast
Asia 270
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle
and Late Abbasid Eras 271
DOCUMENT: Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline
of Empires 276
An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements 276
The Coming of Islam to South Asia 280
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Patterns of Islam's
Global Expansions 281
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Conversion and Accommodation
in the Spread of World Religions 286
The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia 288
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Islam: A Bridge Between
Worlds 290
Further Readings 290
On the Web 290
7135A01_FM01.qxp_jm 10/12/09 10:14 AM Page v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 13 African Civilizations and the Spread
of Islam 292
African Societies: Diversity and Similarities 293
Kingdoms of the Grasslands 297
DOCUMENT: The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic
of Sundiata 300
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Architecture of Faith 303
The Swahili Coast of East Africa 303
Peoples of the Forest and Plains 305
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Transitions in the History
of World Population 306
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Internal Development
and Global Contacts 310
Further Readings 310
On the Web 311
CHAPTER 14 Civilization in Eastern Europe:
Byzantium and Orthodox Europe 312
Civilization in Eastern Europe 312
The Byzantine Empire 314
VISUALIZING THE PAST:Women and Power
in Byzantium 317
The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity 318
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Eastern and Western Europe:
The Problem of Boundaries 321
The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe 321
The Emergence of Kievan Rus' 323
DOCUMENT: Russia Turns to Christianity 324
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Eastern Europe and the World 326
Further Readings 326
On the Web 326
CHAPTER 15 A New Civilization Emerges in Western
Europe 328
Stages of Postclassical Development 329
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Peasant Labor 331
DOCUMENT: European Travel: A Monk Visits Jerusalem 337
THINKING HISTORICALLY:Western Civilization 339
Western Culture in the Postclassical Era 340
Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical
Centuries 342
The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis 346
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Medieval Europe
and the World 348
Further Readings 349
On the Web 349
CHAPTER 16 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion 350
Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000-1500 C.E. 351
Aztec Society in Transition 357
DOCUMENT: Aztec Women and Men 359
Twantinsuyu:World of the Incas 360
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Archeological Evidence of Political
Practices 362
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The "Troubling" Civilizations
of the Americas 364
The Other Peoples of the Americas 367
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Americas and the World 370
Further Readings 370
On the Web 370
CHAPTER 17 Reunification and Renaissance
in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang
and Song Dynasties 372
Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Era 373
DOCUMENT: Ties That Bind: Paths to Power 378
Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song 380
Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age 384
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Footbinding as a Marker of Male
Dominance 388
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artistic Expression
and Social Values 390
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: China's World Role 392
Further Readings 392
On the Web 393
CHAPTER 18 The Spread of Chinese Civilization:
Japan, Korea, and Vietnam 394
Japan: The Imperial Age 395
The Era of Warrior Dominance 400
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Comparing Feudalisms 402
Korea: Between China and Japan 406
Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making
of Vietnam 409
VISUALIZING THE PAST:What Their Portraits Tell Us:
Gatekeeper Elites and the Persistence of Civilizations 412
DOCUMENT: Literature as a Mirror of the Exchanges
Between Civilized Centers 415
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: In the Orbit of China: The East
Asian Corner of the Global System 415
Further Readings 416
On the Web 416
CHAPTER 19 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges:
From Chinggis Khan to Timur 418
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan 420
DOCUMENT: A European Assessment of the Virtues
and Vices of the Mongols 424
The Mongol Drive to the West 426
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mongol Empire as a Bridge
Between Civilizations 429
The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History 430
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Global Eclipse
of the Nomadic Warrior Culture 434
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Mongol Linkages 436
Further Readings 437
On the Web 437
CHAPTER 20 The World in 1450: Changing Balance
ofWorld Power 438
Key Changes in the Middle East 439
The Rise of the West 442
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VISUALIZING THE PAST: Population Trends 443
DOCUMENT: Bubonic Plague 444
Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase 447
Outside the World Network 448
THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem
of Ethnocentrism 450
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: 1450 and the World 451
Further Readings 451
On the Web 452
PART IV
THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450-1750:
THEWORLD SHRINKS 458
CHAPTER 21 The World Economy 466
The West's First Outreach:Maritime Power 466
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Causation and the West's
Expansion 471
Toward a World Economy 472
VISUALIZING THE PAST:West Indian Slaveholding 475
Colonial Expansion 477
DOCUMENT:Western Conquerors: Tactics and Motives 478
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The World Economy-
And the World 483
Further Readings 484
On the Web 484
CHAPTER 22 The Transformation of the West,
1450-1750 486
The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce,
1450-1650 487
The Commercial Revolution 492
The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change 495
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Versailles 497
Political Change 497
THINKING HISTORICALLY: Elites and Masses 498
The West by 1750 500
DOCUMENT: Controversies About Women 501
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Europe and the World 504
Further Readings 504
On the Web 505