Biotechnology in Forage and Turf Grass Improvement

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Agronomic Importance of the Festuca-Lolium Complex..- 1.1.1 Major Festuca Species.- 1.1.2 Major Lolium Species.- 1.2 Distribution of Fescues and Ryegrasses.- 1.3 Biotechnology in Festuca-Lolium Improvement: General Considerations.- References.- 2 Meristem Culture.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Culture of Vegetative Meristems in Festuca and Lolium.- 2.3 Culture of Floral Meristems in Festuca and Lolium.- 2.4 Meristem Culture in Other Grasses.- 2.5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3 Callus Cultures and Somaclonal Variation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Regeneration from Callus Cultures in Festuca and Lolium.- 3.3 Somaclonal Variation in Festuca and Lolium.- 3.4 Regeneration from Callus Cultures in Other Grasses.- 3.5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 4 Anther Culture and Production of Haploids.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Anther Culture and Haploids in Festuca.- 4.3 Anther Culture and Haploids in Lolium.- 4.4 Anther Culture in Other Grasses.- 4.5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 5 Plant Regeneration from Suspension Cells and Protoplasts.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Cell Suspension and Protoplast Cultures in Festuca.- 5.2.1 Plant Regeneration from Embryogenic Cell Suspensions in Festuca.- 5.2.2 Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts in Festuca.- 5.3 Cell Suspension and Protoplast Cultures in Lolium.- 5.3.1 Plant Regeneration from Embryogenic Cell Suspensions in Lolium.- 5.3.2 Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts in Lolium.- 5.4 Suspension and Protoplast Cultures in Other Grasses.- 5.5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6 Somatic Hybridization.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Somatic Hybridization in Festuca and Lolium.- 6.3 Cybridization in Festuca and Lolium.- 6.4 Somatic Hybridization in Other Grasses.- 6.5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 7 Transgenic Plants from Protoplasts.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Direct Gene Transfer to Protoplasts in Festuca.- 7.3 Direct Gene Transfer to Protoplasts in Lolium.- 7.4 Direct Gene Transfer to Protoplasts in Other Grasses.- 7.5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 8 Protoplast-Independent Production of Transgenic Plants.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Protoplast-Independent Transformation in Festuca.- 8.3 Protoplast-Independent Transformation in Lolium.- 8.4 Protoplast-Independent Transformation in Other Grasses.- 8.5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 9 Molecular Markers.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Molecular Markers in Festuca and Lolium.- 9.2.1 Isozyme Markers.- 9.2.2 Species-Specific Repetitive DNA Sequences.- 9.2.3 RFLP Markers.- 9.2.4 RAPD Markers.- 9.3 Molecular Markers in Other Grasses.- 9.4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 10 Perspectives.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Forage Quality.- 10.2.1 Manipulation of Lignin Biosynthesis.- 10.2.2 Manipulation of Fructan Metabolism.- 10.2.3 Transgenic Expression of "Rumen By-pass" Proteins.- 10.3 Disease and Pest Resistance.- 10.3.1 Fungal Pathogens.- 10.3.2 Viruses.- 10.3.3 Pests.- 10.4 Growth and Development.- 10.4.1 Manipulation of Pollen Allergens.- 10.4.2 Manipulation of Flowering Time and Senescence.- 10.4.3 Manipulation of Apomixis.- 10.4.4 Manipulation of Self-Incompatibility and Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- 10.4.5 Grasses as Bioreactors.- 10.5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.