Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks: Towards Highly Connected Environments

Preface xiii Special Acknowledgements xxi List of Acronyms xxiii List of Figures xxvii List of Tables xxxiii List of Symbols xxxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Connected Environments 2 1.1.2 Evolution of Wireless Communication 5 1.1.3 Third Generation Partnership Project 10 1.2 Cognitive Radio Technology 10 1.2.1 Spectrum Accessing/Sharing Techniques 13 1.2.1.1 Interweave Spectrum Access 14 1.2.1.2 Underlay Spectrum Access 17 1.2.1.3 Overlay Spectrum Access 17 1.2.1.4 Hybrid Spectrum Access 17 1.3 Implementation of CR Networks 20 1.4 Motivation 22 1.5 Organization of Book 23 1.6 Summary 27 References 27 2 Advanced Frame Structures in Cognitive Radio Networks 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Related Work 40 2.2.1 Frame Structures 40 2.2.2 Spectrum Accessing Strategies 41 2.3 Proposed Frame Structures for HSA Technique 43 2.4 Analysis of Throughput and Data Loss 45 2.5 Simulations and Results 47 2.6 Summary 50 References 51 3 Cognitive Radio Network with Spectrum Prediction and Monitoring Techniques 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Related Work 57 3.2.1 Spectrum Prediction 57 3.2.2 Spectrum Monitoring 58 3.3 System Models 59 3.3.1 System Model for Approach-1 59 3.3.2 System Model for Approach-2 60 3.4 Performance Analysis 61 3.4.1 Throughput Analysis Using Approach-1 61 3.4.2 Analysis of Performance Metrics of the Approach-2 65 3.5 Results and Discussion 67 3.5.1 Proposed Approach-1 67 3.5.2 Proposed Approach-2 69 3.6 Summary 72 References 72 4 Effect of Spectrum Prediction in Cognitive Radio Networks 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.1.1 Spectrum Access Techniques 78 4.2 System Model 80 4.3 Throughput Analysis 87 4.4 Simulation Results and Discussion 89 4.5 Summary 93 References 94 5 Effect of Imperfect Spectrum Monitoring on Cognitive Radio Networks 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Related Work 99 5.2.1 Spectrum Sensing 99 5.2.2 Spectrum Monitoring 100 5.3 System Model 101 5.4 Performance Analysis of Proposed System Using Imperfect Spectrum Monitoring 102 5.4.1 Computation of Ratio of the Achieved Throughput to Data Loss 108 5.4.2 Computation of Power Wastage 108 5.4.3 Computation of Interference Efficiency 109 5.4.4 Computation of Energy Efficiency 109 5.5 Results and Discussion 110 5.6 Summary 115 References 116 6 Cooperative Spectrum Monitoring in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Background 122 6.3 System Model 124 6.4 Performance Analysis of Proposed CRN 126 6.4.1 Computation of Achieved Throughput and Data Loss 130 6.4.2 Computation of Interference Efficiency 131 6.4.3 Computation of Energy Efficiency 131 6.5 Results and Discussion 132 6.5.1 Homogeneous Cognitive Radio Network 132 6.5.2 Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks 134 6.6 Summary 143 References 143 7 Spectrum Mobility in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Spectrum Prediction and Monitoring Techniques 147 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 System Model 151 7.3 Performance Analysis 153 7.4 Results and Discussion 156 7.5 Summary 162 References 163 8 Hybrid Self-Scheduled Multichannel Medium Access Control Protocol in Cognitive Radio Networks 167 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Related Work 169 8.2.1 CR-MAC Protocols 169 8.2.2 Interference at PU 171 8.3 System Model and Proposed Hybrid Self-Scheduled Multichannel MAC Protocol 172 8.3.1 System Model 172 8.3.2 Proposed HSMC-MAC Protocol 173 8.4 Performance Analysis 174 8.4.1 With Perfect Spectrum Sensing 176 8.4.2 With Imperfect Spectrum Sensing 178 8.4.3 More Feasible Scenarios 180 8.5 Simulations and Results Analysis 182 8.5.1 With Perfect Spectrum Sensing 182 8.5.2 With Imperfect Spectrum Sensing 185 8.6 Summary 190 References 190 9 Frameworks of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Networks 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.1.1 Related Work 196 9.1.2 Motivation 199 9.1.3 Organization 199 9.2 CR Spectrum Accessing Strategies 199 9.3 Functions of NOMA System for Uplink and Downlink Scenarios 204 9.3.1 Downlink Scenario for Cellular-NOMA 204 9.3.2 Uplink Scenario for Cellular-NOMA 207 9.4 Proposed Frameworks of CR with NOMA 208 9.4.1 Framework-1 209 9.4.2 Framework-2 210 9.5 Simulation Environment and Results 212 9.6 Research Potentials for NOMA and CR-NOMA Implementations 213 9.6.1 Imperfect CSI 214 9.6.2 Spectrum Hand-off Management 215 9.6.3 Standardization 215 9.6.4 Less Complex and Cost-Effective Systems 215 9.6.5 Energy-Efficient Design and Frameworks 216 9.6.6 Quality-of-Experience Management 216 9.6.7 Power Allocation Strategy for CUs to Implement NOMA Without Interfering PU 217 9.6.8 Cooperative CR-NOMA 217 9.6.9 Interference Cancellation Techniques 217 9.6.10 Security Aspects in CR-NOMA 218 9.6.11 Role of User Clustering and Challenges 218 9.6.12 Wireless Power Transfer to NOMA 219 9.6.13 Multicell NOMA with Coordinated Multipoint Transmission 220 9.6.14 Multiple-Carrier NOMA 221 9.6.15 Cross-Layer Design 221 9.6.16 MIMO-NOMA-CR 222 9.7 Summary 222 References 223 10 Performance Analysis of MIMO-Based CR-NOMA Communication Systems 229 10.1 Introduction 229 10.2 Related Work for Several Combinations of CR, NOMA, and MIMO Systems 231 10.3 System Model 234 10.3.1 Downlink Scenarios 236 10.3.2 Uplink Scenario 238 10.4 Performance Analysis 238 10.4.1 Downlink Scenario 238 10.4.1.1 Throughput Computation for MIMO-CR-NOMA 239 10.4.1.2 Throughput Computation for CR-NOMA Systems 240 10.4.1.3 Sum Throughput for CR-OMA, CR-NOMA, CR-MIMO, and CR-NOMA-MIMO Frameworks 240 10.4.2 Uplink Scenario 241 10.4.2.1 Throughput Computation for MIMO-CR-NOMA 241 10.4.2.2 Throughput Calculation for CR-NOMA Systems 242 10.4.2.3 Sum Throughput for CR-OMA, CR-NOMA, CR-MIMO, and CR-NOMA-MIMO Frameworks 242 10.4.2.4 Computation of Interference Efficiency of CU-4 In Case of CR-MIMO-NOMA 243 10.5 Simulation and Results Analysis 243 10.5.1 Simulation Results for Downlink Scenario 243 10.5.2 Simulation Results for Uplink Scenario 245 10.6 Summary 249 References 250 11 Interference Management in Cognitive Radio Networks 255 11.1 Introduction 255 11.1.1 White space 257 11.1.2 Grey Spaces 257 11.1.3 Black Spaces 257 11.1.4 Interference Temperature 257 11.2 Interfering and Non-interfering CRN 258 11.2.1 Interfering CRN 258 11.2.2 Non-Interfering CRN 259 11.3 Interference Cancellation Techniques in the CRN 261 11.3.1 At the CU Transmitter 261 11.3.2 At the CR-Receiver 264 11.4 Cross-Layer Interference Mitigation in Cognitive Radio Networks 268 11.5 Interference Management in Cognitive Radio Networks via Cognitive Cycle Constituents 269 11.5.1 Spectrum Sensing 269 11.5.2 Spectrum Prediction 269 11.5.3 Transmission Below PUs' Interference Tolerable Limit 271 11.5.4 Using Advanced Encoding Techniques 271 11.5.5 Spectrum Monitoring 272 11.6 Summary 274 References 274 12 Simulation Frameworks and Potential Research Challenges for Internet-of-Vehicles Networks 281 12.1 Introduction 281 12.1.1 Consumer IoT 283 12.1.2 Industrial IoT 283 12.2 Applications of CIoT 284 12.2.1 Smart Home and Automation 284 12.2.2 Smart Wearables 284 12.2.3 Home Security and Smart Domestics 285 12.2.4 Smart Farming 285 12.3 Applications of Industrial IoT 285 12.3.1 Smart Industry 286 12.3.2 Smart Grid/Utilities 286 12.3.3 Smart Communication 286 12.3.4 Smart City 287 12.3.5 Smart Energy Management 287 12.3.6 Smart Retail Management 288 12.3.7 Robotics 288 12.3.8 Smart Cars/Connected Vehicles 289 12.4 Communication Frameworks for IoVs 289 12.4.1 Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication 291 12.4.2 Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) Communication 292 12.4.3 Infrastructure to Vehicles (I2V) Communication 293 12.4.4 Vehicle-to-Broadband (V2B) Communication 293 12.4.5 Vehicle-to-Pedestrians (V2P) Communication 293 12.5 Simulation Environments for Internet-of-Vehicles 295 12.5.1 SUMO 296 12.5.2 Network Simulator (NetSim) 296 12.5.3 Ns-2 297 12.5.4 Ns-3 297 12.5.5 OMNeT++ 298 12.6 Potential Research Challenges 299 12.6.1 Social Challenges 299 12.6.2 Technical Challenges 300 12.7 Summary 302 References 302 13 Radio Resource Management in Internet-of-Vehicles 311 13.1 Introduction 311 13.1.1 Dedicated Short-Range Communication 313 13.1.2 Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments 314 13.1.3 Communication Access for Land Mobile (CALM) 314 13.2 Cellular Communication 315 13.2.1 3GPP Releases 315 13.2.2 Long-Term Evolution 317 13.2.3 New Radio 317 13.2.4 Dynamic Spectrum Access 318 13.3 Role of Cognitive Radio for Spectrum Management 319 13.4 Effect of Mobile Nature of Vehicles/Nodes on the Networking 320 13.5 Spectrum Sharing in IoVs 322 13.5.1 Spectrum Sensing Scenarios 322 13.5.2 Spectrum Sharing Scenarios 324 13.5.3 Spectrum Mobility/Handoff Scenarios 325 13.6 Frameworks of Vehicular Networks with Cognitive Radio 326 13.6.1 CR-Based IoVs Networks Architecture 327 13.7 Key Potentials and Research Challenges 328 13.7.1 Key Potentials 328 13.7.2 Research Challenges 329 13.8 Summary 333 References 333 Index 000