Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis

to the Problem of Ecosystem Analysis.- to the Problem of Ecosystem Analysis.- 1 Input/Output Analysis of Ecosystems.- Preface.- A. Stability, Elasticity, and Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems with Respect to Matter Balance.- I. Introduction.- II. Definition of a Terrestrial Ecosystem with Respect to Ion Cycling.- III. Steady State and Elasticity.- IV. Ecosystems as Open Systems in Steady State.- V. Possible De-Couplings of the Matter Cycle.- VI. The Acid-Buffering Properties of Soils.- VII. The Role of Acid Stress in Ecosystems.- VIII. Stability and Resilience from the Point of View of Matter Balance.- IX. Conclusions.- References.- B. Water and Carbon Fluxes in Ecosystems.- I. Introduction.- II. What Is an Ecosystem with Respect to Carbon and Water Fluxes.- III. The Study of Ecosystems.- IV. Analysis of Ecosystem Functioning.- V. Prediction of Ecosystem Functioning.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- C. Environmental Transfer of Some Organic Micropollutants.- I. Introduction.- II. Study Area, Sampling Procedures, and Analytical Methods.- III. Behavior of Organic Micropollutants in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer.- IV. Movement of Organic Micropollutants in Soil- and Groundwater.- V. Movement of Organic Micropollutants in a River.- VI. Distribution of Organic Micropollutants in the Food Web 89.- VII Equilibrium Distribution and Fluxes of Organic Micropollutants.- VIII. Conclusions. Potentials and Limits of Determining Environmental Chemodynamics of Organic Micropollutants.- References.- D. Simple and Diversified Crop Rotations - Approach and Insight into Agroecosystems.- I. Introduction.- II. Agroecosystems and Natural Ecosystems - a Comparison in View of Their Historical Development.- III. Farm Management and Production Systems.- IV. Common Differences Between Agroecosystems and Natural Ecosystems.- V. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Processes and Functions at the Primary Producer Level.- Preface.- A. Plant Specialization to Environments of Different Resource Availability.- I. Introduction.- II. Plant Growth as a Regulated System of Resource Use.- III. Plant Organization.- IV. Plant Specialization to Specific Habitats.- V. Ecosystem Implications.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- B. Control of Leaf Carbon Assimilation - Input of Chemical Energy into Ecosystems.- I. Introduction.- II. Photosynthetic Performance of Plants Under Natural Conditions.- III. The Types of External and Internai Factors Which Determine Leaf Carbon Gain.- IV. Carbon Dioxide Exchange of Thallophytes.- V. Carbon Dioxide Exchange of Leaves of Higher Plants.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- C. Plant Architecture and Resource Competition.- I. Introduction.- II. Traits of a Competitive Plant.- III. Competition for Light.- IV. Morphological Flexibility and the Light Environment.- V. Competition Below Ground.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- References.- D. Responses to Water and Nutrients in Coniferous Ecosystems.- I. Introduction.- II. Growth of Pinus sylvestris in Sweden.- III. Growth of Pinus radiata in Australia.- IV. Comparative Aspects of Growth in Pinus.- V. Conclusions.- References.- E. Physiological Ecology, Disturbance, and Ecosystem Recovery.- I. Introduction.- II. Physiological Ecology and Ecosystem Complexity.- III. Disturbance and Response in Closed Forests: an Example.- IV. Conclusions.- References.- F. A Hierarchic Approach in Causal Ecosystem Analysis. The Calcifuge-Calcicole Problem in Alpine Grasslands.- I. Introduction.- II. Case Study: The Calcifuge-Calcicole Problem in Alpine Grasslands.- III. Which Is the Most Important Factor for the Floristic Differences Between Calcifuge and Calcicole Alpine Grasslands?.- IV. Hierarchy of Factors; Causal and Correlative Factors.- V. Hierarchy of Answers to the Question: Which Is the Relatively Most Important Factor for Floristic Differences Between Plant Communities?.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- G. Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species as Related to Ecosystem Structure and Function.- I. Introduction.- II. Long-Term Development of Vergetation: Migrations Following the Ice Age.- III. Extinction and Decline of Species.- IV. Introduction and Naturalization of Species.- V. Conclusions.- References.- H. Flowers as Food Sources and the Cost of Outcrossing.- I. Introduction.- II. Flowers as Food Sources.- III. Flowers Are More Than Food Sources.- IV. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Processes and Functions at the Consumer Level.- Preface.- A. Species Richness, Species Packing, and Evolution in Insect-Plant Systems.- H. Zwölfer.- I. Introduction.- II. Species Richness in Phytophagous Insects: a Literature Review.- III. Parameters Determining the Species Richness of Insects Associated with Cardueae Flower Heads.- IV. Adaptations of Phytophages to Différent Scales of Cardueae Flower Heads.- V. Conclusions.- References.- B. Niche Structure and Evolution in Ecosystems.- I. Introduction.- II. The Niche Concept.- III. The Niche Concept and Exploitative Competition.- IV. A Model for Genetical Ecology.- V. Null Models.- VI. Invasion, Extinction, and the Buildup of Communities.- VII. Potentials and Limitations.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.- C. Predictability in Lake Ecosystems: the Role of Biotic Interactions.- I. Introduction.- II. Seasonal Succession of Phytoplankton.- III. Size Structure of the Zooplankton Community.- IV. Conclusions.- References.- D. Saline Lake Ecosystems.- I. Introduction.- II. Characteristics of Saline Lake Ecosystems.- III. Conclusions.- References.- E. Characteristics of Lotic Ecosystems and Consequences for Future Research Directions.- I. Introduction.- II. Environmental Variability and Species Richness.- III. Biological Interactions in Stream Communities: Facultative or Obligate?.- VI. Energetics in Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities.- V. Conclusions.- References.- F. Experimental Analysis of Processes Between Species on Marine Tidal Flats.- I. Introduction.- II. Uncertainty in Field Experiments.- III. Species Connections on Tidal Flats.- IV. Conclusions.- References.- G. On Methods of Analyzing Ecosystems: Lessons from the Analysis of Forest-Insect Systems.- I. Introduction.- II. The Objective "Control".- III. The Objective "Basic Research".- IV. Balance or Shift in Objectives?.- V. Lessons We Can Learn.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- Synthesis (With 1 Figure).- Spezies Index.