Radio-Frequency Integrated-Circuit Engineering

PREFACE xvii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Problems 5 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS 6 2.1 EM Field Parameters 6 2.2 Maxwell's Equations 7 2.3 Auxiliary Relations 8 2.4 Sinusoidal Time-Varying Steady State 9 2.5 Boundary Conditions 10 2.6 Wave Equations 12 2.7 Power 13 2.8 Loss and Propagation Constant in Medium 14 2.9 Skin Depth 16 2.10 Surface Impedance 17 Problems 19 3 LUMPED ELEMENTS 20 3.1 Fundamentals of Lumped Elements 20 3.2 Quality Factor of Lumped Elements 28 3.3 Modeling of Lumped Elements 30 3.4 Inductors 32 3.5 Lumped-Element Capacitors 60 3.6 Lumped-Element Resistors 72 References 75 Problems 76 4 TRANSMISSION LINES 85 4.1 Essentials of Transmission Lines 85 4.2 Transmission-Line Equations 86 4.3 Transmission-Line Parameters 93 4.4 Per-Unit-Length Parameters R,L,C, and G 97 4.5 Dielectric and Conductor Losses in Transmission Lines 107 4.6 Dispersion and Distortion in Transmission Lines 111 4.7 Group Velocity 115 4.8 Impedance, Reflection Coefficients, and Standing-Wave Ratios 117 4.9 Synthetic Transmission Lines 126 4.10 Tem and Quasi-Tem Transmission-Line Parameters 128 4.11 Printed-Circuit Transmission Lines 132 4.12 Transmission Lines in RFICs 144 4.13 Multi-Conductor Transmission Lines 152 References 173 Problems 174 Appendix 4: Transmission-Line Equations Derived From Maxwell's Equations 182 5 RESONATORS 186 5.1 Fundamentals of Resonators 186 5.2 Quality Factor 189 5.3 Distributed Resonators 205 5.4 Resonator's Slope Parameters 231 5.5 Transformation of Resonators 231 References 237 Problems 238 6 IMPEDANCE MATCHING 244 6.1 Basic Impedance Matching 244 6.2 Design of Impedance-Matching Networks 248 6.3 Kuroda Identities 262 References 266 Problems 266 7 SCATTERING PARAMETERS 271 7.1 Multiport Networks 271 7.2 Impedance Matrix 273 7.3 Admittance Matrix 274 7.4 Impedance and Admittance Matrix in RF Circuit Analysis 274 7.5 Scattering Matrix 279 7.6 Chain Matrix 293 7.7 Scattering Transmission Matrix 294 7.8 Conversion Between Two-Port Parameters 295 References 298 Problems 298 8 RF PASSIVE COMPONENTS 304 8.1 Characteristics of Multiport RF Passive Components 304 8.2 Directional Couplers 311 8.3 Hybrids 326 8.4 Power Dividers 339 8.5 Filters 345 References 371 Problems 372 9 FUNDAMENTALS OF CMOS TRANSISTORS FOR RFIC DESIGN 379 9.1 MOSFET Basics 379 9.2 MOSFET Models 386 9.3 Important MOSFET Frquencies 407 9.4 Other Important MOSFET Parameters 409 9.5 Varactor Diodes 409 References 412 Problems 412 10 STABILITY 418 10.1 Fundamentals of Stability 418 10.2 Determination of Stable and Unstable Regions 421 10.3 Stability Consideration for N-Port Circuits 427 References 427 Problems 428 11 AMPLIFIERS 430 11.1 Fundamentals of Amplifier Design 430 11.2 Low Noise Amplifiers 443 11.3 Design Examples 451 11.4 Power Amplifiers 455 11.5 Balanced Amplifiers 470 11.6 Broadband Amplifiers 489 11.7 Current Mirrors 548 References 552 Problems 553 A11.1 Fundamentals of Signal Flow Graph 563 A11.2 Signal Flow Graph of Two-Port Networks 563 A11.3 Derivation of Network's Parameters Using Signal Flow Graphs 566 References 571 12 OSCILLATORS 572 12.1 Principle of Oscillation 572 12.2 Fundamentals of Oscillator Design 575 12.3 Phase Noise 587 12.4 Oscillator Circuits 602 References 626 Problems 627 13 MIXERS 633 13.1 Fundamentals of Mixers 633 13.2 Mixer Types 641 13.3 Other Mixers 650 13.4 Mixer Analysis and Design 656 13.5 Sampling Mixer 667 References 689 Problems 690 14 SWITCHES 694 14.1 Fundamentals of Switches 694 14.2 Analysis of Switching MOSFET 697 14.3 SPST Switches 702 14.4 SPDT Switches 712 14.5 Ultra-Wideband Switches 714 14.6 Ultra-High-Isolation Switches 727 14.7 Filter Switches 737 References 739 Problems 739 15 RFIC SIMULATION, LAYOUT, AND TEST 747 15.1 RFIC Simulation 748 15.2 RFIC Layout 754 15.3 RFIC Measurement 758 References 784 Problems 784 16 SYSTEMS 788 16.1 Fundamentals of Systems 788 16.2 System Type 801 References 826 Problems 826 APPENDIX: RFIC DESIGN EXAMPLE: MIXER 830 A1.1 Circuit Design Specifications and General Design Information 830 A1.2 Mixer Design 830 A1.3 Mixer Optimization and Layout 835 A1.4 Simulation Results 836 A1.5 Measured Results 838 References 840 INDEX 841