Quinoa

Chapter 1 Quinoa: an Incan Crop to Face Global Changes in Agriculture Juan Antonio González,Sayed Eisa, Sayed Hussin, and Fernando E. Prado Introduction A Brief History of Quinoa Cultivation Nutritional Value of Quinoa Seed Botanical and Genetic Characteristics of the Quinoa Plant Quiona and Environmental Stresses: Drought and Salinity Conclusion References Chapter 2 History of Quinoa: Its Origin, Domestication, Diversification and Cultivation with Particular Reference to the Chilean Context Enrique A. Martínez, Francisco F. Fuentes, Didier Bazile Abstract Quinoa Origins in the Central Andes Ancient Expansion to Southern Latitudes in Chile Re-introduction of Quinoa in Arid Chile after Local Extinction Final remarks References Chapter 3 Agroecological and Agronomic Cultural Practices of Quinoa in South America Magali Garcia, Bruno Condori, and Carmen Del Castillo Introduction Andean Domestication Botanical and Taxonomical Description Genetic Background and Research on Quinoa Genetics Ecology and Phytogeography Quinoa Production Climate Drought Resistance Temperature and Photoperiod Hail Cultivation Sowing Fertilization of Quinoa Cultural Practices Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Biotic Threats: Pests and Diseases Seed Harvest and Post-harvest Technology References Chapter 4 Trends in Quinoa Yield Over the Southern Bolivian Altiplano: Lessons from Climate and Land-Use Projections Serge Rambal, Jean-Pierre Ratte, Florent Mouillot, and Thierry Winkel Summary Introduction Material and Methods The Study Area Recent Past and Present Climate Source of Climate Scenarios Simulating the Yield Index at Local or Plot Scale The Soil Water Balance Model Scenarios of Land Use / Land Cover Changes Scaling Local Yield Index up to the Region Results Drought History Over the Area Climate Projections and Soil Drought Limitation Time Variation of Yield at Local or Plot Scale Model Results at Landscape Level Discussion Acknowledgements References Chapter 5 The Potential of Using Natural Enemies and Chemical Compounds in Quinoa for Biological Control of Insect Pests Mariana Valoy, Carmen Reguilón, and Griselda Podazza Introduction Insects in Quinoa Insect Pests of Quinoa Beneficial Insects in Quinoa Parasitoids Predators Entomophatogens Chemical Responses of Quinoa to Insect Herbivory Quinoa Secondary Metabolites Terpenoid Compounds Phenolic Compounds Potential of Biological Control in Quinoa Potential for Ecological Management in Quinoa References Chapter 6 Quinoa Breeding Luz Gomez Pando History-Domestication Process Collection of Genetic Resources Goals and Methods of Quinoa Breeding Requirement of the farmers Higher Yield Plant Height Stalk Strength Life Cycle Resistance to Biotic Stresses Resistance to Abiotic Stresses Plant Morphology Harvest Index Requirement of the Industry and Consumers Protein Content and Composition Seed Characteristics Methods in Genetic Improvement Reproductive Biology Polyploidy Level Quinoa Breeding Methods Selection Individual Selection Mass Selection Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB) Introduction of Foreign Germplasm Hybridization Selection of Parents Flowering Biology Emasculation and Pollination Procedure Bulk or Mass selection Individual or Pedigree Selection Combination of Individual and Mass Selection Single - Seed Descent Interspecific and Intergeneric Crosses Backcross Method Using Heterosis in Quinoa Mutagenesis Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) Conclusion References Chapter 7 Quinoa Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Diversity Janet B. Matanguihan,Peter J. Maughan, Eric N. Jellen, and Bozena Kolano Introduction Cytogenetics and Genome Structure of Chenopodium quinoa Crossability of Quinoa and Allied Tetraploid Taxa DNA Sequence Evidence for Quinoa's Genomic Origins Quinoa Genetic Markers and Linkage Maps Quinoa Diversity Phenotypic diversity Genetic diversity Summary References Chapter 8 Ex-situ Conservation of Quinoa: the Bolivian Experience Wilfredo Rojas and Milton Pinto Introduction Centers of Origin and Diversity of Quinoa Geographical Distribution of Quinoa Genebanks of the Andean Region Bolivian Collection of Quinoa Germplasm History and Management of the Quinoa Germplasm Current Status of Quinoa Germplasm Steps for Ex-Situ Management and Conservation of Quinoa Collection of Quinoa Germplasm Technical Procedure for Quinoa Germplasm Collection History and Evolution of Quinoa Germplasm Collections Distribution of Quinoa Germplasm Collection Preliminary Multiplication of Quinoa Germplasm Storage and Conservation of Quinoa Germplasm Short and Medium Term Storage (1 to 20 years) Long Term Storage (80 to 100 years) Characterization and Evaluation of the Quinoa Germplasm Stages of Germplasm Characterization and Evaluation Agro-morphological Variables Agro-food and Nutritional Value Variables Molecular Characterization Multiplication and Regeneration of Quinoa Germplasm Monitoring of Seed Quantity and Percentage of Seed Germination Technical Procedure for Multiplication and/or Regeneration Regeneration Schedule Documentation and Information on Quinoa Germplasm Utilization of Quinoa Germplasm Direct Use Procedure to Apply Participatory Evaluation Techniques for Quinoa Participatory Assessments with Quinoa Germplasm Training Courses on the Varied Uses of Quinoa Indirect Use Quinoa Core Collection Social Use Promotion and Dissemination Formal and Informal Education Conclusions References Chapter 9 Quinoa Breeding in Africa: History, Goals and Progress Moses Maliro and Veronica Guwela Introduction Origin of quinoa Introducing Quinoa in Africa Food Security in Africa Prevalence of Malnutrition Nutritional Value of Quinoa Quinoa as Alternative Crop in Malawi Increasing Awareness About Quinoa Ecological Adaptation of Quinoa Goals of Quinoa Bredding in Africa Quinoa Studies Under Malawi Conditions Cultivars Introduced General Climate Conditions Plant Growth Performance Genotype Performance Quinoa Studies in Kenya Experimental Sites and Climatic Conditions Plant Growth and Grain Yield Pests and Diseases Challenges and Considerations for Future Research Plant Lodging Acceptability Agronomic Practices Rainfed Versus Irrigated Cropping Systems Conclusion References Chapter 10 Quinoa Cultivation for Temperate North America: Considerations and Areas for Investigation Adam Peterson and Kevin Murphy Introduction Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses Heat Tolerance Drought Tolerance Cold Tolerance Salinity Tolerance Production Aspects Variety selection Fertilization Planting/Spacing Maturity and Harvesting Challenges to Quinoa Production Waterlogging and Sprouting Disease Insect Pests Weed Control Saponins Alternative Uses of Quinoa Forage Feed Conclusion References Chapter 11 Nutritional Properties of Quinoa Geyang Wu Introduction Protein Carbohydrates Starch Sugar Dietary Fiber Lipids Vitamins Minerals Anti-nutritional Factors of Quinoa Bioactive Compounds Phenolic compounds Carotenoids Summary References Chapter 12 Quinoa's Calling Sergio Núñez de Arco