From Logic to Rhetoric

1. Introduction; 2. Part One: Logic and Language; 3. 1. Frege or the Recourse to Formalization; 4. 1.1. Logic before Frege; 5. 1.2. Function and concept; 6. 1.3. The ideography and the principles of Fregean language theory; 7. 1.4. Sense and reference; 8. 1.5. Sense and meaning; 9. 1.6. Conclusion; 10. 2. Russell's Synthesis; 11. 2.1. Formalization and natural language; 12. 2.2. Definite descriptions; 13. 2.3. Propositional functions; 14. 2.4. The theory of types; 15. 2.5. Conclusion; 16. 3. Wittgenstein: From Truth Tables to Ordinary Language and the Implications of Generalized Analyticity; 17. 3.1. The Russellian heritage and its contradictions; 18. 3.2. The immanence of logic in language; 19. 3.3. Sense and reference; 20. 3.4. The language image (the picture theory of language); 21. 3.5. Negation and the other logical constants; 22. 3.6. The Tractatus as initiation into silence; 23. 3.7. Ordinary language and its rules; 24. 3.8. Conclusion: Russell vs. Wittgenstein, a heritage; 25. 4. Hintikka or the Theory of Possible Worlds; 26. 4.1. Introduction; 27. 4.2. Referential opacity; 28. 4.3. Ontological commitment and the elimination of single terms with Quine; 29. 4.4. Possible worlds and propositional attitudes; 30. 4.5. The implications of the alternativeness relation and the theory of modus; 31. 4.6. The ontological commitment; 32. 4.7. The interpretation of quantification as a question and answer game; 33. 4.8. Wittgenstein and Hintikka: A concluding comparison; 34. Part Two: Language and Context; 35. 5. Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics and Argumentation; 36. 5.1. The three levels of language; 37. 5.2. Logical syntax; 38. 5.3. Formalization and natural language; 39. 5.4. The renewal of argumentation; 40. 5.5. Perelman's new rhetoric; 41. 5.6. Argumentation in language or the 'new linguistics' of Anscombre and Ducrot; 42. 5.7. Conclusion; 43. 6. Dialectic and Questioning; 44. 6.1. Dialectic and Socrates; 45. 6.2. The middle dialogues: Dialectic and the hypothetical method; 46. 6.3. The late period: The question of being or the shift from the question to being; 47. 7. Argumentation in the Light of a Theory of Questioning; 48. 7.1. Why language?; 49. 7.2. The two major categories of forms; 50. 7.3. What is to be understood by 'question' and 'problem'?; 51. 7.4. The autonomization of the spoken and the written; 52. 7.5. The proposition as proposition of an answer; 53. 7.6. What is meaning?; 54. 7.7. Meaning as the locus of dialectic; 55. 7.8. Argumentation; 56. 7.9. Literal and figurative meaning: The origin of messages 'between the lines'; 57. Footnotes; 58. References