Internal Combustion Engines
Applied Thermal-Fluid Sciences
5th Edition
Will be published approx. on 10. December 2026
Book
Hardback
640 pages
978-1-394-38055-8 (ISBN)
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Book
09/2020
Wiley-Blackwell
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Content
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5
1.3 ENGINE CYCLES 7
1.4 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 11
1.5 ENGINE CONFIGURATIONS 24
1.6 EXAMPLES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 30
1.7 ALTERNATIVE POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGY 34
1.8 FURTHER READING 40
1.9 HOMEWORK 41
2 Ideal Gas Engine Cycles 43
2.1 INTRODUCTION 43
2.2 GAS CYCLE ENERGY ADDITION 44
2.3 CONSTANT VOLUME ENERGY ADDITION 45
2.4 CONSTANT PRESSURE ENERGY ADDITION 50
2.5 LIMITED PRESSURE CYCLE 54
2.6 MILLER CYCLE 54
2.7 IDEAL FOUR-STROKE PROCESS AND RESIDUAL FRACTION 60
2.8 FINITE ENERGY RELEASE 71
2.9 HOMEWORK 91
3 Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel-Air Mixtures 95
3.1 INTRODUCTION 95
3.2 PROPERTIES OF IDEAL GAS MIXTURES 95
3.3 LIQUID-VAPOR-GAS MIXTURES 104
3.4 FUGACITY AND COMPRESSIBLE EQUATIONS OF STATE 109
3.5 STOICHIOMETRY 112
3.6 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 115
3.7 LOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION MODELING 118
3.8 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS 124
3.9 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 127
3.10 ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION 134
3.11 REFERENCES 140
3.12 HOMEWORK 140
4 Thermodynamics of Combustion 143
4.1 INTRODUCTION 143
4.2 FIRST LAW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION 143
4.3 SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION 149
4.4 FUEL-AIR OTTO CYCLE 154
4.5 FOUR-STROKE FUEL-AIR OTTO CYCLE 159
4.6 LIMITED-PRESSURE FUEL AIR CYCLE 163
4.7 TWO ZONE FINITE ENERGY RELEASE MODEL 170
4.8 COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE FUEL-AIR MODEL 178
4.9 COMPARISON OF FUEL-AIR CYCLES WITH ACTUAL SPARK AND COMPRESSION IGNITION CYCLES 182
4.10 CHEMICAL KINETICS 187
4.11 GLOBAL, DETAILED, AND REDUCED REACTION MECHANISMS 194
4.12 FURTHER READING 201
4.13 REFERENCES 202
4.14 HOMEWORK 202
5 Intake and Exhaust Flow 205
5.1 INTRODUCTION 205
5.2 FLOW THROUGH INTAKE AND EXHAUST VALVES 205
5.3 INTAKE AND EXHAUST MANIFOLD FLOW 231
5.4 AIRFLOW IN TWO-STROKE ENGINES 239
5.5 SUPERCHARGERS AND TURBOCHARGERS 250
5.6 FURTHER READING 275
5.7 REFERENCES 275
5.8 HOMEWORK 276
6 Fuel and Air Flow in the Cylinder 281
6.1 INTRODUCTION 281
6.2 FUEL INJECTION - SPARK IGNITION 282
6.3 FUEL INJECTION - COMPRESSION IGNITION 284
6.4 FUEL SPRAYS 291
6.5 GASEOUS FUEL INJECTION 302
6.6 PRECHAMBERS 306
6.7 CARBURETION 310
6.8 LARGE SCALE IN-CYLINDER FLOW 311
6.9 IN-CYLINDER TURBULENCE 318
6.10 REYNOLDS AND FAVRE AVERAGING 329
6.11 FULL-FIELD NAVIER-STOKES TURBULENCE MODELS 332
6.12 FURTHER READING 338
6.13 REFERENCES 338
6.14 HOMEWORK 339
7 Combustion Processes in Engines 343
7.1 INTRODUCTION 343
7.2 COMBUSTION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 344
7.3 ABNORMAL COMBUSTION (KNOCK) IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 365
7.4 COMBUSTION IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES 371
7.5 LOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION 385
7.6 FURTHER READING 396
7.7 REFERENCES 397
7.8 HOMEWORK 398
8 Emissions 401
8.1 INTRODUCTION 401
8.2 NITROGEN OXIDES 402
8.3 CARBON MONOXIDE 418
8.4 HYDROCARBONS 420
8.5 PARTICULATES 426
8.6 EMISSIONS REGULATION AND CONTROL 433
8.7 FURTHER READING 444
8.8 HOMEWORK 445
9 Fuels 449
9.1 INTRODUCTION 449
9.2 REFINING 450
9.3 HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY 452
9.4 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FUEL MIXTURES 456
9.5 GASOLINE FUELS 469
9.6 ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 473
9.7 DIESEL FUELS 484
9.8 FURTHER READING 492
9.9 HOMEWORK 493
10 Friction and Lubrication 495
10.1 INTRODUCTION 495
10.2 FRICTION COEFFICIENT 495
10.3 ENGINE OILS 498
10.4 FRICTION POWER AND MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 502
10.5 FRICTION MEASUREMENTS 503
10.6 FRICTION SCALING PARAMETERS 507
10.7 PISTON AND RING FRICTION 508
10.8 JOURNAL BEARINGS 524
10.9 VALVE TRAIN FRICTION 530
10.10 ACCESSORY FRICTION 534
10.11 PUMPING MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 536
10.12 OVERALL ENGINE FRICTION MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 537
10.13 FURTHER READING 541
10.14 REFERENCES 541
10.15 HOMEWORK 542
11 Heat and Mass Transfer 545
11.1 INTRODUCTION 545
11.2 ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS 546
11.3 ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE 547
11.4 ENGINE HEAT FLUX 552
11.5 HEAT TRANSFER MODELING 555
11.6 HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS 561
11.7 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 569
11.8 HEAT TRANSFER IN THE EXHAUST SYSTEM 573
11.9 MASS LOSS OR BLOWBY 574
11.10 FURTHER READING 577
11.11 REFERENCES 577
11.12 HOMEWORK 578
12 Engine Instrumentation and Measurement 581
12.1 INTRODUCTION 581
12.2 INSTRUMENTATION 581
12.3 COMBUSTION ANALYSIS 589
12.4 EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS 595
12.5 VEHICLE EMISSIONS TESTING 608
12.6 FURTHER READING 609
12.7 HOMEWORK 610
13 Engine Control 613
13.1 INTRODUCTION 613
13.2 SPARK IGNITION ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS 613
13.3 COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS 615
13.4 ENGINE SENSORS AND ACTUATORS 616
13.5 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 618
13.6 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 621
13.7 OPEN AND CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS 624
13.8 PID CONTROLLERS 627
13.9 ENGINE TRANSFER FUNCTIONS WITH STEP INPUTS 631
13.10 ENGINE TRANSFER FUNCTIONS WITH HARMONIC INPUTS 635
13.11 DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR ENGINES 643
13.12 STATE SPACE MODELING 652
13.13 MEAN VALUE ENGINE MODEL 654
13.14 DISCRETE EVENT ENGINE CONTROL MODELING 663
13.15 ADDITIONAL MODEL BASED CONTROLLERS 664
13.16 FURTHER READING 664
13.17 HOMEWORK 665
14 Overall Engine Performance 667
14.1 INTRODUCTION 667
14.2 EFFECT OF ENGINE SIZE, BORE, AND STROKE 667
14.3 EFFECT OF ENGINE SPEED 670
14.4 EFFECT OF AIR-FUEL RATIO AND LOAD 672
14.5 ENGINE PERFORMANCE MAPS 676
14.6 EFFECT OF IGNITION AND INJECTION TIMING 680
14.7 EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO 683
14.8 VEHICLE DRIVETRAINS 683
14.9 VEHICLE DRIVING CYCLE SIMULATION 689
14.10 FURTHER READING 692
14.11 HOMEWORK 693
A Appendix Conversion Factors and Physical Constants 697
B Appendix Physical Properties of Air 701
C Appendix Thermodynamic Property Tables for Various Ideal Gases 705
D Appendix Curve Fit Coefficients for Thermodynamic Properties of Various Fuels and Ideal Gases 713
E Appendix Detailed Thermodynamic and Fluid Flow Analyses 717
F Appendix Computer Programs 729
Acknowledgements xi
1 Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5
1.3 ENGINE CYCLES 7
1.4 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 11
1.5 ENGINE CONFIGURATIONS 24
1.6 EXAMPLES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 30
1.7 ALTERNATIVE POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGY 34
1.8 FURTHER READING 40
1.9 HOMEWORK 41
2 Ideal Gas Engine Cycles 43
2.1 INTRODUCTION 43
2.2 GAS CYCLE ENERGY ADDITION 44
2.3 CONSTANT VOLUME ENERGY ADDITION 45
2.4 CONSTANT PRESSURE ENERGY ADDITION 50
2.5 LIMITED PRESSURE CYCLE 54
2.6 MILLER CYCLE 54
2.7 IDEAL FOUR-STROKE PROCESS AND RESIDUAL FRACTION 60
2.8 FINITE ENERGY RELEASE 71
2.9 HOMEWORK 91
3 Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel-Air Mixtures 95
3.1 INTRODUCTION 95
3.2 PROPERTIES OF IDEAL GAS MIXTURES 95
3.3 LIQUID-VAPOR-GAS MIXTURES 104
3.4 FUGACITY AND COMPRESSIBLE EQUATIONS OF STATE 109
3.5 STOICHIOMETRY 112
3.6 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 115
3.7 LOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION MODELING 118
3.8 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS 124
3.9 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 127
3.10 ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION 134
3.11 REFERENCES 140
3.12 HOMEWORK 140
4 Thermodynamics of Combustion 143
4.1 INTRODUCTION 143
4.2 FIRST LAW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION 143
4.3 SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION 149
4.4 FUEL-AIR OTTO CYCLE 154
4.5 FOUR-STROKE FUEL-AIR OTTO CYCLE 159
4.6 LIMITED-PRESSURE FUEL AIR CYCLE 163
4.7 TWO ZONE FINITE ENERGY RELEASE MODEL 170
4.8 COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE FUEL-AIR MODEL 178
4.9 COMPARISON OF FUEL-AIR CYCLES WITH ACTUAL SPARK AND COMPRESSION IGNITION CYCLES 182
4.10 CHEMICAL KINETICS 187
4.11 GLOBAL, DETAILED, AND REDUCED REACTION MECHANISMS 194
4.12 FURTHER READING 201
4.13 REFERENCES 202
4.14 HOMEWORK 202
5 Intake and Exhaust Flow 205
5.1 INTRODUCTION 205
5.2 FLOW THROUGH INTAKE AND EXHAUST VALVES 205
5.3 INTAKE AND EXHAUST MANIFOLD FLOW 231
5.4 AIRFLOW IN TWO-STROKE ENGINES 239
5.5 SUPERCHARGERS AND TURBOCHARGERS 250
5.6 FURTHER READING 275
5.7 REFERENCES 275
5.8 HOMEWORK 276
6 Fuel and Air Flow in the Cylinder 281
6.1 INTRODUCTION 281
6.2 FUEL INJECTION - SPARK IGNITION 282
6.3 FUEL INJECTION - COMPRESSION IGNITION 284
6.4 FUEL SPRAYS 291
6.5 GASEOUS FUEL INJECTION 302
6.6 PRECHAMBERS 306
6.7 CARBURETION 310
6.8 LARGE SCALE IN-CYLINDER FLOW 311
6.9 IN-CYLINDER TURBULENCE 318
6.10 REYNOLDS AND FAVRE AVERAGING 329
6.11 FULL-FIELD NAVIER-STOKES TURBULENCE MODELS 332
6.12 FURTHER READING 338
6.13 REFERENCES 338
6.14 HOMEWORK 339
7 Combustion Processes in Engines 343
7.1 INTRODUCTION 343
7.2 COMBUSTION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 344
7.3 ABNORMAL COMBUSTION (KNOCK) IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 365
7.4 COMBUSTION IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES 371
7.5 LOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION 385
7.6 FURTHER READING 396
7.7 REFERENCES 397
7.8 HOMEWORK 398
8 Emissions 401
8.1 INTRODUCTION 401
8.2 NITROGEN OXIDES 402
8.3 CARBON MONOXIDE 418
8.4 HYDROCARBONS 420
8.5 PARTICULATES 426
8.6 EMISSIONS REGULATION AND CONTROL 433
8.7 FURTHER READING 444
8.8 HOMEWORK 445
9 Fuels 449
9.1 INTRODUCTION 449
9.2 REFINING 450
9.3 HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY 452
9.4 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FUEL MIXTURES 456
9.5 GASOLINE FUELS 469
9.6 ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 473
9.7 DIESEL FUELS 484
9.8 FURTHER READING 492
9.9 HOMEWORK 493
10 Friction and Lubrication 495
10.1 INTRODUCTION 495
10.2 FRICTION COEFFICIENT 495
10.3 ENGINE OILS 498
10.4 FRICTION POWER AND MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 502
10.5 FRICTION MEASUREMENTS 503
10.6 FRICTION SCALING PARAMETERS 507
10.7 PISTON AND RING FRICTION 508
10.8 JOURNAL BEARINGS 524
10.9 VALVE TRAIN FRICTION 530
10.10 ACCESSORY FRICTION 534
10.11 PUMPING MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 536
10.12 OVERALL ENGINE FRICTION MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 537
10.13 FURTHER READING 541
10.14 REFERENCES 541
10.15 HOMEWORK 542
11 Heat and Mass Transfer 545
11.1 INTRODUCTION 545
11.2 ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS 546
11.3 ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE 547
11.4 ENGINE HEAT FLUX 552
11.5 HEAT TRANSFER MODELING 555
11.6 HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS 561
11.7 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 569
11.8 HEAT TRANSFER IN THE EXHAUST SYSTEM 573
11.9 MASS LOSS OR BLOWBY 574
11.10 FURTHER READING 577
11.11 REFERENCES 577
11.12 HOMEWORK 578
12 Engine Instrumentation and Measurement 581
12.1 INTRODUCTION 581
12.2 INSTRUMENTATION 581
12.3 COMBUSTION ANALYSIS 589
12.4 EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS 595
12.5 VEHICLE EMISSIONS TESTING 608
12.6 FURTHER READING 609
12.7 HOMEWORK 610
13 Engine Control 613
13.1 INTRODUCTION 613
13.2 SPARK IGNITION ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS 613
13.3 COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS 615
13.4 ENGINE SENSORS AND ACTUATORS 616
13.5 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 618
13.6 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 621
13.7 OPEN AND CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS 624
13.8 PID CONTROLLERS 627
13.9 ENGINE TRANSFER FUNCTIONS WITH STEP INPUTS 631
13.10 ENGINE TRANSFER FUNCTIONS WITH HARMONIC INPUTS 635
13.11 DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR ENGINES 643
13.12 STATE SPACE MODELING 652
13.13 MEAN VALUE ENGINE MODEL 654
13.14 DISCRETE EVENT ENGINE CONTROL MODELING 663
13.15 ADDITIONAL MODEL BASED CONTROLLERS 664
13.16 FURTHER READING 664
13.17 HOMEWORK 665
14 Overall Engine Performance 667
14.1 INTRODUCTION 667
14.2 EFFECT OF ENGINE SIZE, BORE, AND STROKE 667
14.3 EFFECT OF ENGINE SPEED 670
14.4 EFFECT OF AIR-FUEL RATIO AND LOAD 672
14.5 ENGINE PERFORMANCE MAPS 676
14.6 EFFECT OF IGNITION AND INJECTION TIMING 680
14.7 EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO 683
14.8 VEHICLE DRIVETRAINS 683
14.9 VEHICLE DRIVING CYCLE SIMULATION 689
14.10 FURTHER READING 692
14.11 HOMEWORK 693
A Appendix Conversion Factors and Physical Constants 697
B Appendix Physical Properties of Air 701
C Appendix Thermodynamic Property Tables for Various Ideal Gases 705
D Appendix Curve Fit Coefficients for Thermodynamic Properties of Various Fuels and Ideal Gases 713
E Appendix Detailed Thermodynamic and Fluid Flow Analyses 717
F Appendix Computer Programs 729