Instruments and the Imagination

In this book, the authors investigate an array of instruments from the 17th to the 19th century that seem at first to be marginal to science - magnetic clocks that were said to operate by the movements of sunflower seeds, ocular harpsichords (machines that played different coloured lights in harmonious mixtures), Aeolian harps (a form of wind chime), and other instruments of "natural magic" designed to produce wonderous effects. By looking at these, and the first recording instruments, the stereoscope and speaking machines, they show that "scientific instruments" first made their appearance as devices used to evoke wonder in the beholder, as in works of magic and the theatre. The authors also demonstrate that these instruments, even though they were often tricks, were seen by their inventors as more than trickery. In the view of Athanasius Kircher, for instance, the sunflower clock was not merely a hoax, but an effort to demonstrate, however fraudulently, his truly held belief that the ability of a flower to follow the sun was due to the same cosmic magnetic influence as that which moved the planets and caused the rotation of the earth.
The mechanical marvels revealed in this work raise and answer questions about the connections between natural science and natural magic, the meaning of demonstration, the role of language and the senses in science, and the connections between art, music, literature and natural science.