Kern's Process Heat Transfer

Table of Contents (First Edition) vii Preface to the First Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Acknowledgement xix Part I Fundamentals and Principles 1 1. Introduction to Process Heat Transfer 3 1.1 Units and Dimensional Analysis 4 1.2 Key Physical Properties 10 1.3 Key Process Variables and Concepts 14 1.4 Laws of Thermodynamics 22 1.5 Heat-related Theories and Transfer Mechanisms 26 1.6 Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop Calculations 28 1.7 Process Heat Transfer 35 Reference 40 2 Steady-State and Unsteady-State Heat Conduction 43 2.1 Flow of Heat through a Wall 46 2.2 Flow of Heat through a Composite Wall: Resistances in Series 50 2.3 Flow of Heat through a Pipe Wall 54 2.4 Microscopic Approach: Steady-State Conduction 63 2.5 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction 68 2.6 Microscopic Approach: Unsteady-State Conduction 71 Reference 77 3 Forced and Free Convection 79 3.1 Forced Convection Principles 82 3.2 Convective Resistances 87 3.3 Heat Transfer Coefficients: Quantitative Information 89 3.4 Convection Heat Transfer: Microscopic Approach 105 3.5 Free Convection Principles and Applications 108 3.6 Environmental Applications 120 Reference 126 4 Radiation 129 4.1 The Origin of Radiant Energy 132 4.2 The Distribution of Radiant Energy 133 4.3 Radiant Exchange Principles 138 4.4 Kirchoff 's Law 139 4.5 Emissivity Factors and Energy Interchange 145 4.6 View Factors 152 Reference 157 Part II - Heat Exchangers 159 5. The Heat Transfer Equation 161 5.1 Heat Exchanger Equipment Classification 162 5.2 Energy Relationships 163 5.3 The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Driving Force 166 5.4 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 183 5.5 The Heat Transfer Equation 208 Reference 216 6 Double Pipe Heat Exchangers 217 6.1 Equipment Description and Details 218 6.2 Key Describing Equations 225 6.3 Pressure Drop in Pipes and Pipe Annuli 244 6.4 Calculation of Exit Temperatures 251 6.5 Open-Ended Problems 254 6.6 Kern's Design Methodology 262 Reference 286 7 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 287 7.1 Equipment Description and Details 288 7.2 Key Describing Equations 305 7.3 Open-Ended Problems 331 7.4 Kern's Design Methodology 337 7.5 Other Design Procedures and Applications 348 7.6 Computer Aided Heat Exchanger Design 370 Reference 377 8 Finned heat Exchangers 379 8.1 Fin Details 380 8.2 Equipment Description 386 8.3 Key Describing Equations 388 8.4 Fin Effectiveness and Performance 396 8.5 Kern's Design Methodology 416 8.6 Other Fin Considerations 430 Reference 432 9 Other Heat Exchangers 433 9.1 Condensers 435 9.2 Evaporators 447 9.3 Boilers and Furnace 466 9.4 Waste Heat Boilers 476 9.5 Quenchers 484 9.6 Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power 488 9.7 Cooling towers 494 9.8 Heat pipes 504 Reference 506 Part III - Peripheral Topics 509 10 Other Heat Transfer Considerations 511 10.1 Insulation and Refractory 512 10.2 Refrigeration and Cryogenics 529 10.3 Instrumentation and Controls 542 10.4 Batch and Unsteady-state Processes 551 10.5 Operation, Maintenance and Inspection (OM & I) 558 10.6 Economics and Finance 565 Reference 581 11. Entropy Considerations and Analysis 585 11.1 Qualitative Review of the Second Law 586 11.2 Describing Equations 587 11.3 The Heat Exchanger Dilemma 591 11.4 Application to a Heat Exchanger Network 599 Reference 602 Chapter 12 - Health and Safety Concerns 603 12.1 Definitions 607 12.2 Legislation 616 12.3 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) 619 12.4 Health Risk versus Hazard Risk 624 12.5 Health Risk Assessment 625 12.6 Hazard Risk Assessment 636 Reference 646 Appendix 649 AT.1 Conversion Constants 641 AT.2 Steam Tables 653 AT.3 Properties of Water (Saturated Liquid) 662 AT.4 Properties of Air at 1 atm 664 AT.5 Properties of Selected Liquids at 1 atm and 20°C (68°F) 665 AT.6 Properties of Selected Gases at 1 atm and 20.°C (68.°F) 667 AT.7 Dimensions, Capacities, and Weights of Standard Steel Pipes 669 AT.8 Dimensions of Heat Exchanger Tubes 671 AT.9 Tube-Sheet Layouts (Tube Counts) on a Square Pitch 673 AT.10 Tube-Sheet Layouts (Tube Counts) on a Triangular Pitch 675 AT.11 Approximate Design Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (Btu/hr ft2.°F) 678 AT.12 Approximate Design Fouling Coefficient Factors (hr ft2.°F/Btu) 679 Figures AF.1 Fanning Friction Factor (f) vs. Reynolds Number (Re) Plot 683 AF.2 Psychometric Chart: Low Temperatures: Barometric Pressure, 29.92 in. Hg. 684 AF.3 Psychometric Chart: High Temperatures: Barometric Pressure, 29.92 in. Hg. 685 Index 000