Speech Science
An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice
3rd Edition
Published on 20. March 2013
Book
Paperback/Softback
528 pages
978-0-13-290711-8 (ISBN)
Description
Respected professor, avid researcher, and prolific author Carole T. Ferrand offers a brand new edition of her widely-read and highly-regarded resource for students and clinicians of the communication sciences and disorders. Speech Science: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice, 3/econtinues to highlight the close relationship between the scientific study of speech production and perception, and the application of this data to the evaluation and treatment of communication disorders. Dr. Ferrand integrates scientific material on the acoustics, anatomy, and physiology of speech production and perception with state-of-the-art instrumental techniques used in clinical practice to create the most comprehensive, detailed approach to the subject. While the focus of the book remains unchanged, the text now features a new re-organization for a greater flow of information, all chapters have been updated with current research, and additional integrative case studies have been included within many of the clinical chapters.
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Carole Ferrand | Carole T. Ferrand
Speech Science: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice
An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice
Book
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4th Edition
Pearson
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Carole T. Ferrand
Speech Science
An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice (with CD-ROM)
Book
11/2006
2nd Edition
Pearson
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Carole T. Ferrand, Ph.D., is Professor of Speech, Language, and Hearing Science at Hofstra University. Her research interests include the acoustic aspects of normal and disordered speech production in monolingual and bilingual speakers, and the acoustics of birdsong. Dr. Ferrand earned a B.A. from Witwatersrand University, and her M.S. and Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
Content
Foreword
Preface to Third Edition
Acknowledgments
Introduction
CHAPTER 1: The Nature of Sound
International System of Units
Basic Physics Concepts
Mass, force, weight, volume, density
Speed, velocity, momentum, acceleration, inertia
Elasticity, stiffness
Work, energy, power, intensity
Pressure
Overview of Sound
Air
Air pressure
Air flow
Air pressure, volume, and density
Sound: Changes in Air Pressure
Elasticity, inertia, and friction
Wave motion of sound
Mass/spring system
Simple harmonic motion
Frequency, period, wavelength, velocity, and amplitude
Pure tones
Visually depicting sound waves: waveforms
Complex Sounds
Visually depicting sound waves: spectra
Sound Absorption, Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction
Constructive and Destructive Interference
Attributes of Sounds
Frequency and pitch
Human range of hearing
Amplitude, intensity, and loudness
Decibel scale
Advantages of the decibel scale
Applications of the decibel scale
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 2: Resonance
Acoustic Resonance
Tube resonators and standing waves
Acoustic resonators as filters
Bandwidth
Cutoff frequencies
Resonance curves
Parameters of a filter
Types of filters
Vocal Tract Resonance
Characteristics of the vocal tract resonator
Source-filter theory of vowel production
Formant frequencies related to oral and pharyngeal volumes
Vowel formant frequencies
F1/F2 plots
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 3: The Articulatory System
Articulators of the Vocal Tract
Oral cavity
Lips
Mandible
Teeth
Dental occlusion
Hard palate
Soft palate
Muscles of the velum
Velopharyngeal closure
Tongue
Muscles of the tongue
Tongue movements for speech and swallowing
Pharynx
Muscles of the pharynx
Nasal cavities
Valves of the vocal tract
Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels
Place of articulation of English consonants
Manner of articulation of English consonants
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Nasals
Glides
Liquids
Voicing
Vowel classification
Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels and Consonants
Spectrographic analysis
Narrowband and wideband spectrograms
Vowels
Diphthongs
Nasals
Glides
Liquids
Stops
Silent gap
Release burst
Voice onset time
Formant transitions
Fricatives
Affricates
The Production of Speech Sounds in Context
Coarticulation
Suprasegmentals
Intonation
Stress
Duration
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 4:Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Articulation
Kinematic Measures of Articulatory Variables
Cineradiography
Strain gauge
X-ray microbeam
Ultrasound
Electropalatography and glossography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Electromagnetic articulography
Articulation and Intelligibility
Dysarthria/Apraxia
Acoustic measures
Vowel formant analysis
Spectral analysis of consonants
Kinematic measures
Cineradiography
Strain gauge
Electropalatography
Electromagnetic articulography
Hearing Impairment
Acoustic measures
Kinematic measures
Electropalatography and glossography
Cochlear implantation
Acoustic measures
Kinematic measures
Phonological/Articulatory Disorders
Acoustic measures
Kinematic measures
Ultrasound
Electropalatography
Cleft Palate
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Studies
CHAPTER 5:The Phonatory system
Laryngeal Skeleton
Bones and cartilages
Joints of the larynx
Valves within the Larynx
Aryepiglottic folds
False vocal folds
True vocal folds
Cover-body model
Glottis
Muscles of the Larynx
Extrinsic muscles
Intrinsic muscles
Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation
Mucosal wave
Phonation threshold pressure
Glottal spectrum
Harmonic spacing
Nearly periodic nature of the human voice
Vocal Quality
Normal vocal quality
Abnormal vocal qualities
Breathy voice
Rough/hoarse voice
Vocal Registers
Physiological and acoustic characteristics of modal, pulse, and falsetto registers
Use of different registers in singing and speaking
Acoustic Measures of Phonatory Variables
Frequency and intensity variables
Average fundamental frequency
Frequency variability
Maximum phonation frequency range
Voice amplitude/intensity
Average amplitude level
Amplitude variability
Dynamic range
Voice range profile
Perturbation measures
Noise measures
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 6: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Phonatory Disorders
Electroglottography
EGG and registers
EGG slope quotients
Endoscopy and Videostroboscopy
High speed Digital Imaging
Videokymography
Advantages of Acoustic and Visual Analysis of Phonatory Function
Laryngeal Aging
Acoustic changes over the lifespan
Neurological Disorders
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Parkinson's disease
Unilateral vocal fold paresis/paralysis
Spasmodic dysphonia
Paradoxical vocal fold motion
Benign mucosal lesions, muscle tension dysphonia, and/or GERD
Laryngeal Cancer
Hearing Impairment
Transsexual Voice
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Studies
CHAPTER 7: The Respiratory System
Pulmonary Apparatus
Bronchial tree
Chest wall
Muscles of Respiration
Accessory muscles of respiration
Muscles of the abdomen
Pleural Linkage
Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs
Inhalation
Exhalation
Rate of breathing
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Resting expiratory level
Lung volumes
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Dead air
Lung capacities
Vital capacity
Functional residual capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Total lung capacity
Differences between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech
Location of air intake
Ratio of time for inhalation versus exhalation
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled per cycle
Muscle activity for exhalation
Chest wall shape
Speech Breathing for Isolated Vowels and Connected Speech
Breathing patterns for speech
Changes in speech breathing over the lifespan
Features of speech breathing in children
Features of speech breathing in older adults
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 8: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Respiratory Disorders
Measurement of Respiratory Variables
Pulmonary function testing
Respiratory kinematic analysis
Plethysmography
Linearized magnetometers
Air pressures
Airflow
Respiratory Function and Speech Production
Classification of respiratory problems
Symptoms of respiratory disorders
Principles of Clinical Management of Speech Breathing Disorders
Neurological disorders
Parkinson's disease
Cerebellar disease
Cervical spinal cord injury
Cerebral palsy
Mechanical ventilation
Voice disorders
Asthma
Paradoxical vocal fold motion
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Studies
CHAPTER 9: The Auditory System
Outer Ear
Tympanic Membrane
Middle Ear
Eustachian tube
Ossicles
Muscles
Functions of the middle ear
Inner Ear
Cochlea
Basilar membrane
Cochlear function
Perception of Speech
Segmentation problem
The role of redundancy in speech perception
Instrumental analysis of vowel and consonant perception
Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs
Diphthongs
Consonants
Categorical perception
Multiple acoustic cues
Influence of coarticulation
Perception of Consonants
Liquids
Glides
Nasals
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Hearing Loss
Hearing loss and speech perception
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 10:Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Hearing Impairment
Measurement of Auditory Variables
Immittance audiometry
Tympanometry
Tympanometric procedures
Tympanogram shapes
Advantages of tympanometry
Static-acoustic middle ear admittance
Acoustic reflex testing
Otoacoustic emissions testing
Spontaneous and evoked otoacoustic emissions
Auditory brainstem response testing
Evaluation of Speech Perception
Cochlear Implants
Training for cochlear implant users
Otitis Media and Speech Perception
Language and Reading Disability and Speech Perception
Articulatory Problems and Speech Perception
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Study
CHAPTER 11: The Nervous System
Brain tissue
Glial cells
Neurons
Types of neurons
Sensory receptors
Neuronal function
Conduction velocity
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Central nervous system
Meninges
Ventricles
Functional brain anatomy
Cortex
Lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobe
Limbic lobe
Cortical connections
Commissural fibers
Association fibers
Projection fibers
Subcortical Areas of the Brain
Basal nuclei
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Spinal nerves
Cranial Nerves
CN V: Trigeminal
CN VII: Facial
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal
CN X: Vagus
CN XII: Hypoglossal
Blood Supply to the Brain
The Language Zone
Motor Control Systems Involved in Speech Production
Motor cortex
Upper and lower motor neurons
Direct and indirect systems
Motor units
Principles of Motor Control
Feedback and feedforward
Efference copy
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 12: Clinical Application: Brain Imaging in the Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders of the Nervous System
Techniques for Imaging Brain Structure
Computerized tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Techniques for Imaging Brain Function
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Positron emission tomography
Single photon emission computerized tomography
Electroencephalography and evoked potentials
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Use of Brain Imaging Techniques in Communication Disorders
Stuttering
Stroke
Parkinson's disease
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer's disease
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Study
CHAPTER 13: Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception
Models
Theories
Speech Production
Spatial and articulatory target models
Feedback and feedforward models
The DIVA model
Action theory
Speech Perception
Motor theory
Summary
Review Exercises
Glossary
References
Index
Preface to Third Edition
Acknowledgments
Introduction
CHAPTER 1: The Nature of Sound
International System of Units
Basic Physics Concepts
Mass, force, weight, volume, density
Speed, velocity, momentum, acceleration, inertia
Elasticity, stiffness
Work, energy, power, intensity
Pressure
Overview of Sound
Air
Air pressure
Air flow
Air pressure, volume, and density
Sound: Changes in Air Pressure
Elasticity, inertia, and friction
Wave motion of sound
Mass/spring system
Simple harmonic motion
Frequency, period, wavelength, velocity, and amplitude
Pure tones
Visually depicting sound waves: waveforms
Complex Sounds
Visually depicting sound waves: spectra
Sound Absorption, Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction
Constructive and Destructive Interference
Attributes of Sounds
Frequency and pitch
Human range of hearing
Amplitude, intensity, and loudness
Decibel scale
Advantages of the decibel scale
Applications of the decibel scale
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 2: Resonance
Acoustic Resonance
Tube resonators and standing waves
Acoustic resonators as filters
Bandwidth
Cutoff frequencies
Resonance curves
Parameters of a filter
Types of filters
Vocal Tract Resonance
Characteristics of the vocal tract resonator
Source-filter theory of vowel production
Formant frequencies related to oral and pharyngeal volumes
Vowel formant frequencies
F1/F2 plots
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 3: The Articulatory System
Articulators of the Vocal Tract
Oral cavity
Lips
Mandible
Teeth
Dental occlusion
Hard palate
Soft palate
Muscles of the velum
Velopharyngeal closure
Tongue
Muscles of the tongue
Tongue movements for speech and swallowing
Pharynx
Muscles of the pharynx
Nasal cavities
Valves of the vocal tract
Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels
Place of articulation of English consonants
Manner of articulation of English consonants
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Nasals
Glides
Liquids
Voicing
Vowel classification
Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels and Consonants
Spectrographic analysis
Narrowband and wideband spectrograms
Vowels
Diphthongs
Nasals
Glides
Liquids
Stops
Silent gap
Release burst
Voice onset time
Formant transitions
Fricatives
Affricates
The Production of Speech Sounds in Context
Coarticulation
Suprasegmentals
Intonation
Stress
Duration
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 4:Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Articulation
Kinematic Measures of Articulatory Variables
Cineradiography
Strain gauge
X-ray microbeam
Ultrasound
Electropalatography and glossography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Electromagnetic articulography
Articulation and Intelligibility
Dysarthria/Apraxia
Acoustic measures
Vowel formant analysis
Spectral analysis of consonants
Kinematic measures
Cineradiography
Strain gauge
Electropalatography
Electromagnetic articulography
Hearing Impairment
Acoustic measures
Kinematic measures
Electropalatography and glossography
Cochlear implantation
Acoustic measures
Kinematic measures
Phonological/Articulatory Disorders
Acoustic measures
Kinematic measures
Ultrasound
Electropalatography
Cleft Palate
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Studies
CHAPTER 5:The Phonatory system
Laryngeal Skeleton
Bones and cartilages
Joints of the larynx
Valves within the Larynx
Aryepiglottic folds
False vocal folds
True vocal folds
Cover-body model
Glottis
Muscles of the Larynx
Extrinsic muscles
Intrinsic muscles
Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation
Mucosal wave
Phonation threshold pressure
Glottal spectrum
Harmonic spacing
Nearly periodic nature of the human voice
Vocal Quality
Normal vocal quality
Abnormal vocal qualities
Breathy voice
Rough/hoarse voice
Vocal Registers
Physiological and acoustic characteristics of modal, pulse, and falsetto registers
Use of different registers in singing and speaking
Acoustic Measures of Phonatory Variables
Frequency and intensity variables
Average fundamental frequency
Frequency variability
Maximum phonation frequency range
Voice amplitude/intensity
Average amplitude level
Amplitude variability
Dynamic range
Voice range profile
Perturbation measures
Noise measures
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 6: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Phonatory Disorders
Electroglottography
EGG and registers
EGG slope quotients
Endoscopy and Videostroboscopy
High speed Digital Imaging
Videokymography
Advantages of Acoustic and Visual Analysis of Phonatory Function
Laryngeal Aging
Acoustic changes over the lifespan
Neurological Disorders
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Parkinson's disease
Unilateral vocal fold paresis/paralysis
Spasmodic dysphonia
Paradoxical vocal fold motion
Benign mucosal lesions, muscle tension dysphonia, and/or GERD
Laryngeal Cancer
Hearing Impairment
Transsexual Voice
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Studies
CHAPTER 7: The Respiratory System
Pulmonary Apparatus
Bronchial tree
Chest wall
Muscles of Respiration
Accessory muscles of respiration
Muscles of the abdomen
Pleural Linkage
Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs
Inhalation
Exhalation
Rate of breathing
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Resting expiratory level
Lung volumes
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Dead air
Lung capacities
Vital capacity
Functional residual capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Total lung capacity
Differences between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech
Location of air intake
Ratio of time for inhalation versus exhalation
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled per cycle
Muscle activity for exhalation
Chest wall shape
Speech Breathing for Isolated Vowels and Connected Speech
Breathing patterns for speech
Changes in speech breathing over the lifespan
Features of speech breathing in children
Features of speech breathing in older adults
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 8: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Respiratory Disorders
Measurement of Respiratory Variables
Pulmonary function testing
Respiratory kinematic analysis
Plethysmography
Linearized magnetometers
Air pressures
Airflow
Respiratory Function and Speech Production
Classification of respiratory problems
Symptoms of respiratory disorders
Principles of Clinical Management of Speech Breathing Disorders
Neurological disorders
Parkinson's disease
Cerebellar disease
Cervical spinal cord injury
Cerebral palsy
Mechanical ventilation
Voice disorders
Asthma
Paradoxical vocal fold motion
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Studies
CHAPTER 9: The Auditory System
Outer Ear
Tympanic Membrane
Middle Ear
Eustachian tube
Ossicles
Muscles
Functions of the middle ear
Inner Ear
Cochlea
Basilar membrane
Cochlear function
Perception of Speech
Segmentation problem
The role of redundancy in speech perception
Instrumental analysis of vowel and consonant perception
Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs
Diphthongs
Consonants
Categorical perception
Multiple acoustic cues
Influence of coarticulation
Perception of Consonants
Liquids
Glides
Nasals
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Hearing Loss
Hearing loss and speech perception
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 10:Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Hearing Impairment
Measurement of Auditory Variables
Immittance audiometry
Tympanometry
Tympanometric procedures
Tympanogram shapes
Advantages of tympanometry
Static-acoustic middle ear admittance
Acoustic reflex testing
Otoacoustic emissions testing
Spontaneous and evoked otoacoustic emissions
Auditory brainstem response testing
Evaluation of Speech Perception
Cochlear Implants
Training for cochlear implant users
Otitis Media and Speech Perception
Language and Reading Disability and Speech Perception
Articulatory Problems and Speech Perception
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Study
CHAPTER 11: The Nervous System
Brain tissue
Glial cells
Neurons
Types of neurons
Sensory receptors
Neuronal function
Conduction velocity
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Central nervous system
Meninges
Ventricles
Functional brain anatomy
Cortex
Lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobe
Limbic lobe
Cortical connections
Commissural fibers
Association fibers
Projection fibers
Subcortical Areas of the Brain
Basal nuclei
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Spinal nerves
Cranial Nerves
CN V: Trigeminal
CN VII: Facial
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal
CN X: Vagus
CN XII: Hypoglossal
Blood Supply to the Brain
The Language Zone
Motor Control Systems Involved in Speech Production
Motor cortex
Upper and lower motor neurons
Direct and indirect systems
Motor units
Principles of Motor Control
Feedback and feedforward
Efference copy
Summary
Review Exercises
CHAPTER 12: Clinical Application: Brain Imaging in the Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders of the Nervous System
Techniques for Imaging Brain Structure
Computerized tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Techniques for Imaging Brain Function
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Positron emission tomography
Single photon emission computerized tomography
Electroencephalography and evoked potentials
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Use of Brain Imaging Techniques in Communication Disorders
Stuttering
Stroke
Parkinson's disease
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer's disease
Summary
Review Exercises
Integrative Case Study
CHAPTER 13: Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception
Models
Theories
Speech Production
Spatial and articulatory target models
Feedback and feedforward models
The DIVA model
Action theory
Speech Perception
Motor theory
Summary
Review Exercises
Glossary
References
Index