Refrigeration Systems and Applications

Contents About the Authors Preface Acknowledgements 1. General Aspects of Thermodynamics, Fluid Flow, and Heat Transfer 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Thermodynamic Properties 1.3 Ideal Gases 1.4 Energy Change and Energy Transfer 1.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 1.6 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 1.7 The Carnot Refrigeration Cycle 1.8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 1.9 Exergy 1.10 Psychrometrics 1.11 General Aspects of Fluid Flow 1.12 General Aspects of Heat Transfer 1.13 Conclusions Nomenclature References Problems 2. Refrigerants 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification of Refrigerants 2.3 Prefixes and Decoding of Refrigerants 2.4 Secondary Refrigerants 2.5 Refrigerant-Absorbent Combinations 2.6 Stratospheric Ozone Layer 2.7 Greenhouse Effect (Global Climate Change) 2.8 Clean Air Act (CAA) 2.9 Alternative Refrigerants 2.10 Selection of Refrigerants 2.11 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants 2.12 Lubricating Oils and Their Effects 2.13 Conclusions References Problems 3. Refrigeration System Components 3.1 Introduction 3.2 History of Refrigeration 3.3 Main Refrigeration Systems and Cycles 3.4 Refrigeration System Components 3.5 Compressors 3.6 Condensers 3.7 Evaporators 3.8 Throttling Devices 3.9 Auxiliary Devices 3.10 Conclusions Nomenclature References Problems 4. Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems 4.3 Energy Analysis of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 4.4 Exergy Analysis of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 4.5 Practical Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 4.6 Air-Standard Refrigeration Systems 4.7 Absorption Refrigeration Systems (ARSs) 4.8 Conclusions Nomenclature References Problems 5. Advanced Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Multistage Refrigeration Cycles 5.3 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 5.4 Liquefaction of Gases 5.5 Steam Jet Refrigeration Systems 5.6 Thermoelectric Refrigeration 5.7 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration 5.8 Metal Hydride Refrigeration Systems 5.9 Solar Refrigeration 5.10 Magnetic Refrigeration 5.11 Supermarket Refrigeration 5.12 Conclusions Nomenclature References Problems 6. Heat Pumps 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Heat Pumps 6.3 Sectoral Heat Pump Utilization 6.4 Heat Pump Applications in Industry 6.5 Heat Sources 6.6 Classification of Heat Pumps 6.7 Solar Heat Pumps 6.8 Ice Source Heat Pumps 6.9 Main Heat Pump Systems 6.10 Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Systems 6.11 Energy Analysis of Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Cycle 6.12 Exergy Analysis of Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Cycle 6.13 Mechanical-Vapor-Recompression Heat Pump Systems 6.14 Cascaded Heat Pump Systems 6.15 Rankine Powered Heat Pump Systems 6.16 Quasi Open Cycle Heat Pump Systems 6.17 Vapor Jet Heat Pump Systems 6.18 Chemical Heat Pump Systems 6.19 Metal Hydride Heat Pump Systems 6.20 Thermoelectric Heat Pump Systems 6.21 Resorption Heat Pump Systems 6.22 Absorption Heat Pump (AHP) Systems 6.23 Heat Transformer Heat Pump Systems 6.24 Refrigerants and Working Fluids 6.25 Technical Aspects of Heat Pumps 6.26 Operational Aspects of Heat Pumps 6.27 Performance Evaluation Aspects of Heat Pumps 6.28 Ground Source Heat Pumps 6.29 Heat Pumps and Energy Savings 6.30 Heat Pumps and Environmental Impacts 6.31 Conclusions Nomenclature References Problems 7 Heat Pipes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Heat Pipes 7.3 Heat Pipe Applications 7.4 Heat Pipes for Electronics Cooling 7.5 Types of Heat Pipes 7.6 Heat Pipe Components 7.7 Operational Principles of Heat Pipes 7.8 Heat Pipe Performance 7.9 Design and Manufacture of Heat Pipes 7.10 Heat Transfer Limitations 7.11 Heat Pipes in HVAC 7.12 Conclusions Nomenclature References Problems Appendix A - Conversion Factors Appendix B - Thermophysical Properties Subject Index