Sustainable Solid Waste Management

PREFACE xix I FUNDAMENTAL BACKGROUND 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 The Concept of Sustainable Development 3 1.2 Sustainability in the Context of SWM 10 1.3 The Framework for Sustainability Assessment 12 1.4 The Structure of this Book 13 References 16 2 TECHNOLOGY MATRIX FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 19 2.1 Waste Classification and Types of Waste 19 2.2 Waste Management Through Waste Hierarchy: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, and Disposal 28 2.3 Waste Operational Units: Real-World Cases 34 2.4 Waste Operational Units: Equipment and Facilities 42 2.5 Technology Matrix for Multiple Solid Waste Streams 72 2.6 Final Remarks 90 References 90 3 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONCERNS 99 3.1 Financial Concerns 100 3.2 Economic Incentives and Socioeconomic Concerns 114 3.3 Social Concerns 123 3.4 Final Remarks 133 References 134 4 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONCERNS 141 4.1 SWM Legislation 141 4.2 Sustainable Waste Management Principles and Policies 151 4.3 Policy Instruments 155 4.4 ISWM Plans 162 4.5 Final Remarks 163 References 163 5 RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF RISK 171 5.1 Formulate the Problem: Inherent Hazards in Solid Waste Management 171 5.2 Risk Assessment in Solid Waste Management 176 5.3 Management of Risk 183 5.4 Risk Communication 184 5.5 How to Promote a Sustainable Solid Waste Management with Risk Analysis? 186 5.6 Final Remarks 188 References 188 II PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 193 6 GLOBAL CHANGE, SUSTAINABILITY, AND ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 195 6.1 Global Change Impacts 195 6.2 Sustainability Considerations and Criteria 208 6.3 Adaptive Management Strategies for Solid Waste Management Systems 208 6.4 Final Remarks 210 References 210 7 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 215 7.1 Systems Engineering Principles 215 7.2 System of Systems Engineering Approaches 222 7.3 Centralized Versus Decentralized Approaches 227 7.4 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification 230 7.5 Final Remarks 232 References 233 8 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TOOLS AND METHODS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 235 8.1 Systems Analysis, Waste Management, and Technology Hub 236 8.2 Cost-Benefit-Risk Trade-Offs and Single-Objective Optimization 240 8.3 Multicriteria Decision-Making 248 8.4 Game Theory and Conflict Resolution 283 8.5 System Dynamics Modeling 287 8.6 Final Remarks 290 References 292 Appendix Web Site Resources of Software Packages of LINDO and LINGO 299 III INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 301 9 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND MUNICIPAL UTILITY PARKS 303 9.1 Industrial Symbiosis and Industrial Ecology 303 9.2 Creation of Eco-Industrial Parks and Eco-Industrial Clusters 309 9.3 Municipal Utility Parks in Urban Regions 314 9.4 Final Remarks 319 References 321 10 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 323 10.1 Life Cycle Assessment for Solid Waste Management 323 10.2 Phases of Life Cycle Assessment 325 10.3 LCA Waste Management Software 355 10.4 Putting LCA into Practice 361 10.5 Life Cycle Management 374 10.6 Final Remarks 376 References 376 11 STREAMLINED LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR SOLID WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS 387 11.1 Application of Life Cycle Assessment for Solid Waste Management 388 11.2 LCA for Screening Technologies of Solid Waste Treatment 390 11.3 LCA Assessment Methodology 391 11.4 Description of the CSLCA 397 11.5 Interpretation of CSLCA Results 400 11.6 Final Remarks 412 References 412 12 CARBON-FOOTPRINT-BASED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 417 12.1 The Global-Warming Potential Impact 417 12.2 The Quantification Process 418 12.3 GWP Assessment for Solid Waste Management 426 12.4 Case Study 429 12.5 Systems Analysis 434 12.6 Final Remarks 436 References 436 IV INTEGRATED SYSTEMS PLANNING, DESIGN, AND MANAGEMENT 441 13 MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION-MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A CARBON-REGULATED ENVIRONMENT 443 13.1 Current Gaps of Cost-Benefit Analyses for Solid Waste Management 444 13.2 Background of System Planning 446 13.3 Formulation of Systems Engineering Models for Comparative Analysis 451 13.4 Interpretation of Modeling Output for Decision Analysis 459 13.5 Comparative Analysis 464 13.6 Final Remarks 470 References 470 14 PLANNING REGIONAL MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITIES IN A FAST-GROWING URBAN REGION 475 14.1 Forecasting Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Optimal Siting of MRF in a Fast-growing Urban Region 476 14.2 Modeling Philosophy 478 14.3 Study Region and System Analysis Framework 480 14.4 Prediction of Solid Waste Generation 483 14.5 Regional Planning of Material Recovery Facilities 492 14.6 Final Remarks 506 References 508 15 OPTIMAL PLANNING FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION, RECYCLING, AND VEHICLE ROUTING 515 15.1 Systems Engineering Approaches for Solid Waste Collection 516 15.2 Simulation for Planning Solid Waste Recycling Drop-Off Stations 520 15.3 Multiobjective Programming for Planning Solid Waste Recycling Drop-Off Stations 533 15.4 Final Remarks 543 References 546 16 MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION-MAKING WITH SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS 553 16.1 Deterministic Multiple Attribute Decision-Making Process 554 16.2 MADM for Solid Waste Management 568 16.3 Final Remarks 579 References 580 17 DECISION ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL BALANCE BETWEEN SOLID WASTE INCINERATION AND RECYCLING PROGRAMS 585 17.1 Systems Analysis for Integrated Material Recycling and Waste-to-Energy Programs 586 17.2 Refuse-Derived Fuel Process for Solid Waste Management 587 17.3 Regional Shipping Strategies 594 17.4 Final Remarks 606 References 609 18 ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATICS FOR INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 611 18.1 How Does Environmental Informatics Help Solid Waste Management? 611 18.2 Sensors and Sensor Networks for Solid Waste Management 612 18.3 Database Design for Solid Waste Management 615 18.4 Spatial Analysis with GIS and GPS for Solid Waste Management 616 18.5 Expert Systems, Decision Support Systems, and Computational Intelligence Techniques 624 18.6 Integrated Environmental Information Systems 641 18.7 Final Remarks 644 References 646 V UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 665 19 STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING AND GAME THEORY FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING 667 19.1 Background of Stochastic Programming 667 19.2 Model Formulations of Stochastic Programming 668 19.3 Stochastic Programming with Multiple Objective Functions 682 19.4 Stochastic Dynamic Programming 686 19.5 Game Theory 689 19.6 Final Remarks 698 References 699 20 FUZZY MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION-MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH SOCIETAL COMPLICATIONS 703 20.1 Fundamentals of Fuzzy Set Theory 703 20.2 Siting a Regional Landfill with Fuzzy Multiattribute Decision-Making and GIS Techniques 713 20.3 Fair Fund Redistribution and Environmental Justice with GIS-based Fuzzy AHP Method 731 20.4 Final Remarks 751 References 753 21 FUZZY MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION-MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS 759 21.1 Integrated Fuzzy Topsis and AHP Method for Screening Solid Waste Recycling Alternatives 759 21.2 The Algorithm of FIMADM Method 765 21.3 The Solid Waste Management System 771 21.4 Final Remarks 788 References 788 22 FUZZY MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION-MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 791 22.1 Fuzzy Linear Programming 791 22.2 Fuzzy Multiobjective Programming--Fuzzy Global Criterion Method 796 22.3 Fuzzy Goal Programming 800 22.4 Case Study 802 22.5 Final Remarks 823 References 826 23 GREY SYSTEMS THEORY FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 829 23.1 Grey Systems Theory 829 23.2 Grey Linear Programming 831 23.3 The Stability Issues of Grey Programming Models 840 23.4 The Hybrid Approach for Various Cases of Uncertainty Quantification 843 23.5 Final Remarks 844 References 845 24 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR THE FUTURE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES 849 24.1 The Evolution of Systems Analysis for Solid Waste Management 850 24.2 Trend Analysis 862 24.3 Technical Barriers and Socioeconomic Challenges 869 24.4 Future Perspectives 872 24.5 Final Remarks 874 References 875 INDEX 895