A History of Psychology

1. Psychology and History ; Studying the History of Psychology ; The New History of Psychology ; Person or Zeitgeist? ; Ixion's Wheel or Jacob's Ladder? ; The New History of Science ; Feminism and the Psychology of Women ; Psychology as a Social Construction ; Psychological Research as a Social Construction ; Reconciling the 'Old' and 'New' Histories of Psychology ; 2. Touchstones: The Origins of Psychological Thought ; Pythagoras (570-495 BCE) ; Pythagorean Cosmology ; The Pythagorean Opposites ; Pythagorean Mathematics ; Plato (427-347 BCE) ; Pythagoras, Plato, and the Problem of the Irrational ; The Forms ; Lao-tsu (sixth century BCE) ; The Tension between Confucianism and Taoism ; What is Tao? ; The Book of Changes ; Aristotle (384-323 BCE) ; Aristotle's Differences with Plato ; The Nature of Human Action ; Memory ; The Scala Naturae ; St Thomas Aquinas and the Medieval View of the Universe ; 3. Touchstones: From Descartes to Darwin ; Rene Descartes (1596-1650) ; The Body as a Machine ; Isaac Newton (1642-1727) ; The Laws of Motion ; Can Newton's Laws Be Generalized to Psychology? ; The Nature of Colour ; The British Empiricists: John Locke (1602-1704), George Berkeley (1685-1753), and David Hume (1711-1776) ; John Locke ; George Berkeley ; David Hume ; James Mill (1773-1836) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) ; Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) ; Universal Education ; The Importance of Emotion ; The Utopian Tradition in Psychology ; Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) ; Kant's 'Second Copernican Revolution' ; Can Psychology Be a Science like Other Sciences? ; Charles Darwin (1809-1882) ; The Voyage of The Beagle ; The Development of the Theory of Evolution ; Darwin and Psychology ; 4. The Nineteenth-Century Transformation of Psychology ; J.F. Herbart (1776-1841) ; Herbart's Influence on Educational Psychology ; G.T. Fechner (1801-1887) ; Psychophysics ; Experimental Aesthetics ; Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1884) ; Helmholtz and the Nature of Perception ; Ewald Hering (1834-1918) ; Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930) ; The Localization-of-Function Controversy ; The Study of Brain Injuries ; Francis Galton (1822-1911) ; Hereditary Genius ; Eugenics ; Statistics ; Memory ; Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) ; Social Darwinism ; 5. Wundt and His Contemporaries ; Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) ; Investigations in the Laboratory ; Psychophysical Parallelism ; Cultural Psychology ; Wundt's Influence ; Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) ; The Experimental Study of Learning and Remembering ; Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) and the Invention of 'Paired Associates' ; Franz Brentano (1838-1917) ; The Wurzburg School ; 6. William James ; The Principles of Psychology ; Habit ; The Methods and Snares of Psychology ; The Stream of Thought ; The Consciousness of Self ; Attention and Memory ; The Emotions ; Will ; Other Topics ; 7. Freud and Jung ; The Unconscious ; Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) ; Hysteria ; The Project for a Scientific Psychology ; The Interpretation of Dreams ; The Development of the Personality ; The Structure of the Personality ; Religion and Culture ; Freud's Death ; Freud and America ; Freud's Critics within Psychoanalysis ; Freud and Women ; Anna Freud (1895-1982) ; Karen Horney (1885-1952) and the Psychology of Women ; C.G. Jung (1875-1961) ; Jung's Relationship with Freud ; Analytical Psychology ; 8. Structure or Function? ; Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) ; Structuralism ; Titchener's Experimental Psychology ; Titchener and the Imageless-Thought Controversy ; Titchener and the Dimensions of Consciousness ; Titchener's Influence ; Functionalism ; John Dewey (1859-1952) ; Critique of the Reflex Arc Concept ; Dewey's Influence on Educational Practice ; James R. Angell (1869-1949) ; Robert S. Woodworth (1869-1962) ; The S-O-R Framework ; Intelligence Testing ; James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) ; Alfred Binet (1857-1911) ; Intelligence Testing in the United States Army ; What Is 'Intelligence', Anyway? ; Psychology in Business ; Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) ; Elton Mayo (1880-1949) ; Comparative Psychology ; Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) ; Learning as the Formation of Connections ; 9. Behaviourism ; Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) ; Conditioned Reflexes ; Speech ; Temperaments and Psychopathology ; Vivisection and Anti-vivisectionism ; Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1827) ; John B. Watson (1878-1958) ; Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It ; Watson's Psychology ; Emotional, Manual, and Verbal Habits ; Watson and Rosalie Rayner ; Watson's Second Career in Advertising ; Karl S. Lashley (1890-1958) ; Cortical Localization of Function ; The Problem of Serial Order in Behaviour ; B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) ; The Nature of Behaviourism ; Skinner's Radical Behaviourism ; The Behavior of Organisms ; A Case History of Scientific Method ; The 'Baby Tender' ; Teaching Machines ; Skinner's Utopian and Dystopian Views ; 10. Gestalt Psychology and the Social Field ; Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) ; Phi Phenomenon ; The Minimum Principle ; Precursors of Gestalt Psychology ; The Laws of Perceptual Organization ; Productive Thinking ; Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967) ; The Mentality of Apes ; The Concept of Isomorphism ; Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) ; Principles of Gestalt Psychology ; The Growth of the Mind ; Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) and the Emergence of Social Psychology ; The Zeigarnik Effect ; Group Dynamics ; Fritz Heider (1896-1988) ; Leon Festinger (1919-1989) ; Cognitive Dissonance ; Solomon Asch (1907-1996) ; Forming Impressions of Personality ; Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) ; Studies of Obedience ; The Small-World Phenomenon ; Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965) ; Organismic Theory ; The Abstract Attitude ; 11. Research Methods ; Philosophy of Science ; Logical Positivism ; Operationism ; Where Did Psychologists Stand? ; Criticisms of Operationism ; Experimental Methods ; Statistical Inference ; R.A. Fisher (1890-1962) ; Fisher's Approach to Designing Experiments ; The Null Hypothesis ; Correlational Methods ; Charles Spearman (1863-1945) ; Cyril Burt (1883-1971) ; The Burt Scandal ; Louis Leon Thurstone (1887-1955) ; Lee J. Cronbach (1916-2001) and 'The Two Disciplines of Scientific Psychology' ; Qualitative Research Methods ; 12. Theories of Learning ; Ernest R. Hilgard (1904- 2001) ; E.R. Guthrie (1886-1959) ; Contiguity ; Repetition ; Reward ; One-Trial Learning ; Clark L. Hull (1884-1952) ; The Formal Structure of Hullian Theory ; The Hypothetico-Deductive Method ; Postulates ; Kenneth W. Spence (1907-1967) ; Charles E. Osgood (1916-1991) ; The Semantic Differential ; E.C. Tolman (1886-1959) ; Purposive Behaviour ; Cognitive Maps ; The Place-versus-Response Controversy ; The Verbal Learning Tradition ; Functionalism and Verbal Learning ; Acquisition ; Serial Learning ; The Fate of Verbal Learning ; D.O. Hebb (1904-1985) ; The Emergence of Neuroscience ; The Organization of Behaviour ; Motivation ; Experiments in Sensory Deprivation ; Albert Bandura (1925-) ; Social Learning Theory ; Behavior Modification ; Reciprocal Determinism ; 13. The Developmental Point of View ; G. Stanley Hall (1884-1924) ; The Theory of Recapitulation ; Hall's Life and Career ; Hall's Recapitulationism ; Questionnaires ; Adolescence ; James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934) ; Psychology of Mental Development ; Heinz Werner (1890-1964) ; The Comparative Psychology of Mental Development ; Uniformity versus Multiformity ; Continuity versus Discontinuity ; Unilinearity versus Multilinearity ; Fixity versus Mobility ; Microgenesis ; Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Barbel Inhelder (1913-1997) ; Genetic Epistemology ; The Development of Intelligence ; Piaget's Clinical Method ; Stages in the Development of Intelligence ; Piaget as a Structuralist ; Can Development Ever End? ; L.S. Vygotsky (1896-1934) ; Thought and Language ; The Zone of Proximal Development ; Erik H. Erikson (1902-1994) ; Lifespan Developmental Psychology ; Epigenesis ; The Eight Stages ; Eleanor J. Gibson (1910-2002) ; Perceptual Learning ; The Visual Cliff ; Eleanor Gibson on the Future of Psychology ; 14. Humanistic Psychology ; Existentialism ; Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) ; Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) ; Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) ; Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) ; The Emergence of Humanistic Psychology ; Charlotte Malachowski B?hler (1893-1974) ; Rollo May (1909-1994) ; Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970) ; The Hierarchy of Needs ; The Self-actualizing Person ; Peak Experiences ; The Psychology of Science ; Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987) ; Client-Centred Therapy ; Eugene T. Gendlin ; Encounter Groups ; What Happened to Humanistic Psychology? ; George A. Kelly (1905-1967) ; The Psychology of Personal Constructs ; The Repertory Test ; Research in Personal-Construct Theory ; 15. Cognitive Psychology ; The Concept of 'Information' ; Noam Chomsky (1928- ) ; Syntactic Structures ; Cartesian Linguistics ; George A. Miller (1920- ) ; The Magical Number Seven ; Plans and the Structure of Behaviour ; Subjective Behaviourism ; Giving Psychology Away ; Jerome S. Bruner (1915- ) ; The New Look in Perception ; A Study of Thinking ; Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969) ; Ulric Neisser (1928-) ; Cognitive Psychology ; James J. Gibson (1904-1979) ; Cognition and Reality ; Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001) ; Spurious Correlation and the Nature of Causality ; Computer Simulation ; Criticisms of Computer Simulation ; Amos Tversky (1937-1996) and Daniel Kahneman (1934- ) ; Heuristics and Biases ; Do Statistics Courses Help? ; 16. The Future of Psychology ; Does Psychology Have Paradigms? ; Why Have So Many Psychologists Found the Paradigm Concept Congenial? ; Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) ; Psychology, Modernism, and Postmodernism ; Modernism ; Postmodernism ; The Differentiation of Psychology ; The Future of the History of Psychology ; Psychology as a Global Endeavour ; Envoi