A History of Psychology

Preface to Second Edition; 1. Touchstones: The Origins of Psychological Thought; Introduction; Pythagoras (570-495 BC); Pythagorean Cosmology; The Pythagorean Opposites; Pythagorean Mathematics; Plato (427-347 BC); Pythagoras, Plato, and the Problem of the Irrational; The Forms; Lao-tzu (sixth century BC); The Tension between Confucianism and Taoism; What Is Tao?; The Book of Changes; Aristotle (384-323 BC); ARistotle's Differences with Plato; The Nature of Human Action; Memory; The Scala Naturae; St Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) and the Medieval View of the Universe; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 2. Touchstones: From Descartes to Darwin; Introduction; Rene Descartes (1596-1650); The Body as a Machine; Isaac Newton (1642-1727); The Laws of Motion; Can Newton's Laws be Generalized to Psychology?; The Nature of Colour; The British Empiricists: John Locke (1632-1704), George Berkeley (1685-1753), and David Hume (1711-1776); John Locke; George Berkeley; David Hume; James Mill (1773-1836) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873); Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797); Universal Education; The Importance of Emotion; The Utopian Tradition in Psychology; Immanuel Kant (1724-1804); Kan'ts 'Second Copernican Revolution'; Can Psychology Be a Science Like Other Sciences?; Charles Darwin (1809-1882); The Voyage of the Beagle; The Development of the Theory of Evolution; Darwin and Psychology; Studying the History of Psychology; Ixion's Wheel or Jacob's Ladder?; Person or Zeitgeist?; Rediscovering the Past; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 3 The Nineteenth-Century Transformation of Psychology; Introduction; J.F. Herbart (1776-1841); Herbart's Influence on Educational Psychology; G.T. Fechner (1801-1887); Psychophysics; Experimental Aesthetics; Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1884); Helmholtz and the Nature of Perception; Ewald Hering (1834-1918); Christine Ladd-Franklin (1834-1930); Francis Galton(1822-1911); Hereditary Genius; Eugenics; Statistics; Memory; Herbert Spencer (1820-1903); Social Darwinism; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 4. Wundt and His Contemporaries; Introduction; Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920); Investigations in the Laboratory; Psychophysical Parallelism; Cultural Psychology; Wundt's Influence; Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909); The Experimental Study of Learning and Remembering; Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) and the Invention of 'Paired Associates'; Franz Brentano (1838-1917); The Wurzburg School; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 5. William James; Introduction; The Principles of Psychology; Habit; The Methods and Snares of Psychology; The Stream of Thought; The Consciousness of Self; Attention; The Emotions; Will; Other Topics; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 6 Freud and Jung; Introduction; The Unconscious; Sigmund Freud (1856-1939); Hysteria; The Project for a Scientific Psychology; The Interpretation of Dreams; The Development of the Personality; The Structure of the Personality; Religion and Culture; Freud's Death; Freud and America; Freud's Critics within Psychoanalysis; Anna Freud (1895-1982); Karen Horney (1885-1952) and the Psychology of Women; C.G. Jung (1875-1961); Jung's Relationship with Freud; Analytical Psychology; Extraversion and Introversion; Archetypes; Balancing Opposites; The Four Functions; The Collective Unconscious and the External World; Synchronicity; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 7. Structure or Function?; Introduction; Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927); Structuralism; Titchener's Experimental Psychology; Titchener and the Imageless Thought Controversy; Titchener and the Dimensions of Consciousness; Titchener's Influence; Functionalism; John Dewey (1859-1952); Critique of the Reflex Arc Concept; Dewey's Influence on Educational Practice; James R. Angell (1869-1949); Robert S. Woodworth (1869-1962); The S-O-R Framework; Intelligence Testing; James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944); Alfred Binet (1857-1911); Intelligence Testing in the United States Army; What Is 'Intelligence', Anyway?; Psychology in Business; Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915); Elton Mayo (1880-1949); Comparative Psychology; Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949); Learning as the Formation of Connections; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 8. Behaviourism; Introduction; Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936); Conditioned Reflexes; Speech; Temperaments and Psychopathology; Vivisectionand Anti-vivisectionism; Vladimir M. Bekterev (1857-1827); John B. Watson (1878-1958); Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It; Watson's Psychology; Emotional, Manual, and Verbal Habits; Watson and Rosalie Rayner; Watson's Second Career in Advertising; Karl S. Lashley (1890-1958); Cortical Localization of Function; The Problem of Serial Order in Behaviour; B.F. Skinner (1904-1990); The Nature of Behaviorism; Skinner's Radical Behaviorism; The Behavior of Organisms; A Case History of Scientific Method; The 'Baby Tender'; Teaching Machines; Skinner's Utopian and Dystopian Views; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 9. Gestait Psychology; Introduction; Max Wertheimer (1880-1943); Phi Phenomenon; The Miniumum Principle; Precursors of Gestalt Pscyhology; The Laws of Perceptual Organization; Productive Thinking; Gestalt Psychology as a Philosophy; Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967); The Mentality of Apes; The Nature of Learning; The Concept of Isomorphism; Kurt Koffka (1886-1941); Principles of Gestalt Psychology; The Growth of the Mind; Kurt Lewin (1890-1947); The Zeigarnik Effect; Group Dynamics; Fritz Heider (1896-1988); Solomon Asch (1907-1996); Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965); Organismic Theory; The Abstract Attitude; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 10. Research Methods; Introduction; Philosophy of Science; Logical Positivism; Operationism; Where Did Psychologist Stand?; Criticisms of Operationism; Experimental Methods; Statistical Inference; R.A. Fisher (1890-1962); Fisher's Approach to Designing Experiments; The Null Hypothesis; Correlational Methods; Charles Spearman (1863-1945); Cyril Burt (1883-1971); The Burt Scandal; Louis Leon Thurstone (1887-1955); Lee J. Cronbach (1916-2001) and 'The Two Disciplines of Scientific Psychology'; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 11. Theories of Learning; Introduction; Ernest R. Hilgard (1904-2001); E.R. Guthrie (1886-1959); Contiguity; Repetition; Reward; One-Trial Learning; Clark L. Hull (1884-1952); The Formal Structure of Hullian Theory; The Hypothetico-Deductive Method; Postulates; Kenneth W. Spence (1907-1967); Charles E. Osgood (1916-1991); The Semantic Differential; E.C. Tolman (1886-1959); Purposive Behavior; Cognitive Maps; The Place versus Response Controversy; The Verbal Learning Tradition; Functionalism and Verbal Learning; Acquisition; Serial Learning; The Fate of Verbal Learning; D.O. Hebb (1904-1985); The Emergence of Neuroscience; The Organization of Behavior; Motivation; Experiments in Sensory Deprivation; Albert Bandura (1925--); Social Learning Theory; Behavior Modification; Reciprocal Determinism; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 12. The Developmental Point of View; Introduction; G. Stanley Hall (1884-1924); The Theory of Recapitulation; Hall's Life and Career; Hall's Recapitualtionism; Questionnaires; Adolescence; James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934); Psychology of Mental Development; Heinz Werner (1890-1964); The Comparative Psychology of Mental Development; Uniformity versus Multiformity; Continuity versus Discontinuity; Unilinearity versus Multilinearity; Fixity versus Mobility; Microgenesis; Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Barbel Inhelder (1913-1997); Genetic Epistemology; The Development of Intelligence; Piaget's Clinical Method; Stages in the Development of Intelligence; Piaget as a Structuralist; Wholeness; Systems of Transformations; Self-regulation; Can Development Ever End?; L.S. Vygotsky (1896-1934); Thought and Language; The Zone of Proximal Development; Erik H. Erikson (1902-1994); Lifespan Developmental Psychology; Epigenesis; The Eight Stages; Eleanor J. Gibson (1910-2002); Perceptual Learning; The Visual Cliff; Eleanor Gibson on the Future of Psychology; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 13. Humanistic Psychology; Introduction; Existentialism; Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855); Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900); Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980); Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966); The Emergence of Humanistic Psychology; Rollo May (1909-1994); Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970); The Hierarchy of Needs; The Self-actualizing Person; Peak Experiences; The Psychology of Science; Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987); Client-Centred Therapy; Eugene T. Gendlin; Encounter Groups; What Happened to Humanistic Psychology?; George A. Kelly (1905-1967); The Psychology of Personal Constructs; The Repertory Test; Research in Personal Construct Theory; Qualitative Research Methods; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 14; Introduction; The Concept of 'Information'; Noam Chomsky (1928--); Syntactic Structures; Cartesian Linguistics; George A. Miller (1920--); The Magical Number Seven; Plans and the Structure of Behavior; Subjective Behaviorism; Giving Psychology Away; Jerome S. Bruner (1915--); The New Look in Perception; A Study of Thinking; Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969); Ulric Neisser (1928--); Cognitive Psychology; James J. Gibson (1904-1979); Cognition and Reality; Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001); Spurious Correlation and the Nature of Causality; Computer Simulation; Criticisms of Computer Simulation; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; 15. The Future of Psychology; Introduction; The New History of Science; Does Psychology Have Paradigms?; Feminism and the Psychology of Women; Psychology as a Social Construction; Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951); Psychological Research as a Social Construction; Psychology, Modernism, and Postmodernism; Modernism; Postmodernism; The Differentiation of Psychology; The Future of the History of Psychology; Important Names, Works, and Concepts; Recommended Readings; Bibliography; Index