Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures, Second Edition

Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures
Introduction and Overview
Aging Infrastructure Management Must Become A Mainstream Part of Utility Operations
What is the Infrastructure Involved?
Characteristics of an Aging Infrastructure
Power Delivery Systems
The Business Environment Has Changed
Five Factors Contribute to Aging Infrastructure Problems
Condition, Criticality, and Consequences
Concluding Remarks

Power Delivery Systems
Introduction
T&D System's Mission
The "Laws of T&D"
Levels of the T&D System
Utility Distribution Equipment
T&D Costs
Types of Delivery System Design
Smart Grid
Conclusion

Customer Demand for Power and Reliability of Service
The Two-Qs: Quantity and Quality of Power
Electric Consumer Need for Quantity of Power
Electric Consumer Need for Quality of Power
Two-Q Analyses: Quantity and Quality of Power Are Both Important Aspects of Consumer Value
Conclusion and Summary

Power System Reliability and Reliability of Service
Introduction
Outages Cause Interruptions
Reliability Indices
Reliability and Contingency Criteria for Planning
Cost Is Usually the Major Consideration
Two-Q Analysis of Power Systems
Conclusion and Summary

Cost and Economic Evaluation
Introduction
Costs
Time Value of Money
Decision Bases and Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation
Budget-Constrained Planning: Marginal Benefit versus Cost Analysis
Asset Management and Pareto Analysis
Conclusion

Equipment Inspection, Testing, and Diagnostics
Introduction
Inspection, Testing, and Diagnostic Evaluation
Equipment Testing and Diagnosis Methods
Tests and Diagnosis of Insulating Oil
OnLine and Real-Time Monitoring and Testing
Summary and Final Comments

Aging Equipment and Its Impacts
Introduction
Equipment Aging
Equipment Failure Rate Increases with Age
Impact of Escalating Failure Rates
Summary of Key Points

Obsolete System Structures
Introduction
Obsolete Systems Layouts
Impacts on the Sub-transmission - Substation Level
Feeder System Impacts
"Fixes" For Outdated System Structures
Summary of Key Points

Traditional Reliability Engineering Tools and Their Limitations
Introduction
Contingency-Based Planning Methods
Limitations of N-1 Methodology
Other Planning Related Concerns
Summary and Conclusion

Primary Distribution Planning and Engineering Interactions
Introduction
Distribution Planning and the Perceived Role of Distribution
Flexibility and Effectiveness in Feeder Level Planning
Smart Distribution Systems
Conclusion

Equipment Condition Assessment
Introduction
What Does "Condition" Mean?
Analysis, Modeling, and Prediction
Power Transformers
Switchgear and Circuit Breakers
Underground Equipment and Cables
Overhead Lines and Associated Equipment
Service Transformers and Service Circuits
Evaluating and Prioritizing Equipment Condition
Condition Tracking
Summary and Final Comments

Optimization
Introduction
Prioritizing Inspection, Maintenance, and Service
Reliability-Centered Maintenance
Basic Reliability-Centered Prioritization
Prioritization of the Type of Maintenance
Practical Aspects for Implementation
Extending Reliability-Centered Prioritization to Other Operations Functions
Optimization
Conclusion and Recommendations

Planning Methods for Aging T&D Infrastructures
Introduction
Planning: Finding the Best Alternative
Short- and Long-Range Planning
The T&D Planning Process
The Systems Approach
Summary of Planning in an Aging T&D Infrastructure

Planning Reliability of an Aging System
Introduction
Reliability Can Be Engineered
Methods for Distribution System Reliability Assessment
Application of Analytical Simulation for Detailed Reliability Assessment
Use of a Hybrid Analytical Solution
Conclusion and Key Points

T&D Equipment Management Philosophies
Introduction
Four Philosophies of Ownership
Comparing the Four Ownership Philosophies
Organizational culture
Six Different Companies: Six Different Philosophies
Big States Electric - Asset Management
Mid-State Electric Company - Reliability-Centered Maintenance
International Bulk Petroleum Fluids - Buy, Burn, and Bash
Big State University System - Standards Based
Third-World Orphan Rescue Foundation: Uniquely Standards Based
Huey Longwaites International Airport - Buy, Burn, & Bash
Summary and Conclusion

Case Study: Wood Distribution Pole Management
Introduction
An Inauspicious Beginning
Overview of Approach
The Data Chase
Building the Historical Model of Pole Ownership
Building the Predictive Model
What the Model Says About the Future
Projections of Pole-Related Costs and Performance
Finding the Bad Poles in the Asset Base
Pole Replacement Merit and Economics
Options for Pole Replacement Programs
CL&P's Plan for Dealing with Aging Wooden Distribution Poles

Guidelines and Recommendations
Introduction
Five Interrelated Factors
Results-Driven Management (RDM)
Steps to Mitigate Aging Infrastructure Effects
The Aging Infrastructure Management Program Itself

Notes on a Spreadsheet-Based Model for Aging Trends
Introduction
The Concept: Incrementing an Age Distribution
Multi-Sheet Structure of a More Practical Model
Fitting and Calibrating a Model
Real World Data Situations: Getting a Solution
Comments on Application

Sustainable Point Analysis
Introduction
Elements of Aging Infrastructure Analysis
Quantitative Examples
Metrics for Measuring Aging Infrastructures
Effect of Different Failure Rate Curve Shapes
Reading Age Distributions
Applying Economic Analysis
Summary of Key Points