Biomedical Materials and Diagnostic Devices

Preface xv Part I: Biomedical Materials 1.Application of the Collagen as Biomaterials 3 Kwangwoo Nam and Akio Kishida 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Structural Aspect of Native Tissue 5 1.2.1 Microenvironment 5 1.2.2 Decellularization 6 1.2.3 Strategy for Designing Collagen-based Biomaterials 7 1.3 Processing of Collagen Matrix 8 1.3.1 Fibrillogenesis 8 1.3.2 Orientation 10 1.3.3 Complex Formation and Blending 11 1.3.4 Layered Structure 13 1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 14 References 15 2. Biological and Medical Significance of Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 19 Sergey V. Dorozhkin 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 General Information on ?Nano? 21 2.3 Micron- and Submicron-Sized Calcium Orthophosphates versus the Nanodimensional Ones 23 2.4 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates in Calcified Tissues of Mammals 26 2.4.1 Bones 26 2.4.2 Teeth 27 2.5 The Structure of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Apatites 28 2.6 Synthesis of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 34 2.6.1 General Nanotechnological Approaches 34 2.6.2 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Apatites 34 2.6.3 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline TCP 43 2.6.4 Other Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 44 2.6.5 Biomimetic Construction Using Nanodimensional Particles 46 2.7 Biomedical Applications of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 47 2.7.1 Bone Repair 47 2.7.2 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates and Bone-related Cells 51 2.7.3 Dental Applications 53 2.7.4 Other Applications 54 2.8 Other Applications of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 58 2.9 Summary and Perspectives 58 2.10 Conclusions 61 Closing Remarks 62 References and Notes 62 3. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Thin Film: From Conventional To Advanced Biomedical and Bioanalytical Applications 101 Wing Cheung MAK 3.1 State-of-the-art LbL Technology 101 3.2 Principle of Biomaterials Based Lbl Architecture 102 3.3 LbL Thin Film for Biomaterials and Biomedical Implantations 103 3.4 LbL Thin Film for Biosensors and Bioassays 105 3.5 LbL Thin Film Architecture on Colloidal Materials 107 3.6 LbL Thin Film for Drug Encapsulation and Delivery 108 3.7 LbL Thin Film Based Micro/Nanoreactor 110 References 111 4. Polycaprolactone based Nanobiomaterials 115 Narendra K. Singh and Pralay Maiti 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Preparation of Polycaprolactone Nanocomposites 118 4.2.1 Solution Casting Method 118 4.2.2 Melt Extrusion Technique 118 4.2.3 In Situ Polymerization 119 4.3 Characterization of Poly(caprolactone) Nanocomposites 119 4.3.1 Nanostructure 120 4.3.2 Microstructure 121 4.4 Properties 123 4.4.1 Mechanical Properties 123 4.4.2 Thermal Properties Contents vii 126 4.4.3 Biodegradation 130 4.5 Biocompatibility and Drug Delivery Application 141 4.6 Conclusion 150 Acknowledgement 150 References 150 5. Bone Substitute Materials in Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery ? Properties and Use in Clinic 157 Esther M.M. Van Lieshout 5.1 Introduction 158 5.2 Types of Bone Grafts 159 5.2.1 Autologous Transplantation 159 5.2.2 Allotransplantation and Xenotransplantation 159 5.2.3 Alternative Bone Substitute Materials for Grafting 160 5.3 Bone Substitute Materials 161 5.3.1 General Considerations 161 5.3.2 Calcium Phosphates 161 5.3.3 Calcium Sulphates 166 5.3.4 Bioactive Glass 168 5.3.5 Miscellaneous Products 169 5.3.6 Future Directions 170 5.4 Combinations with Osteogenic and Osteoinductive Materials 171 5.4.1 Osteogenic Substances 172 5.4.2 Osteoinductive Substances 173 5.5 Discussion and Conclusion 173 References 174 6.Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 191 Mehrdad Hamidi, Hajar Ashrafi and Amir Azadi 6.1 Hydrogel Nanoparticles 191 6.2 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan 193 6.3 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Alginate 194 6.4 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(vinyl Alcohol) 195 6.5 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(ethylene Oxide) and Poly(ethyleneimine) 196 6.6 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(vinyl Pyrrolidone) 198 6.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide 198 6.8 Smart Hydrogel Nanoparticles 199 6.9 Self-assembled Hydrogel Nanoparticles 200 6.10 Surface Functionalization 201 6.11 Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 205 References 209 Part II: Diagnostic Devices 7. Utility and Potential Application of Nanomaterials in Medicine 215 Ravindra P. Singh, Jeong -Woo Choi, Ashutosh Tiwari and Avinash Chand Pandey 7.1 Introduction 215 7.2 Nanoparticle Coatings 218 7.3 Cyclic Peptides 220 7.4 Dendrimers 221 7.5 Fullerenes/Carbon Nanotubes/Graphene 227 7.6 Functional Drug Carriers 229 7.7 MRI Scanning Nanoparticles 233 7.8 Nanoemulsions 235 7.9 Nanofibers 236 7.10 Nanoshells 239 7.11 Quantum Dots 240 7.12 Nanoimaging 248 7.13 Inorganic Nanoparticles 248 7.14 Conclusion 250 Acknowledgement 251 References 251 8. Gold Nanoparticle-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Medical Applications 261 Ulku Anik 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Electrochemical Biosensors 262 8.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 262 8.3 Conclusion 272 References 273 9. Impedimetric DNA Sensing Employing Nanomaterials 277 Manel del Valle and Alessandra Bonanni 9.1 Introduction 277 9.1.1 DNA Biosensors (Genosensors) 278 9.1.2 Electrochemical Genosensors 280 9.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Genosensing 280 9.2.1 Theoretical Background 281 9.2.2 Impedimetric Genosensors 284 9.3 Nanostructured Carbon Used in Impedimetric Genosensors 286 9.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanostructured Diamond 286 9.3.2 Graphene-based Platforms 288 9.4 Nanostructured Gold Used in Impedimetric Genosensors 290 9.4.1 Gold Nanoelectrodes 291 9.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles Used as Labels 292 9.5 Quantum Dots for Impedimetric Genosensing 293 9.6 Impedimetric Genosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis 293 9.7 Conclusions (Past, Present and Future Perspectives) 294 Acknowledgements 296 References 296 10. Bionanocomposite Matrices in Electrochemical Biosensors 301 Ashutosh Tiwari, Atul Tiwari 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Fabricationof SiO2-CHIT/CNTs Bionanocomposites 303 10.3 Preparation of Bioelectrodes 304 10.4 Characterizations 305 10.5 Electrocatalytic Properties 307 10.6 Photometric Response 315 10.7 Conclusions 316 Acknowledgements 316 References 317 11. Biosilica ? Nanocomposites - Nanobiomaterials for Biomedical Engineering and Sensing Applications 321 Nikos Chaniotakis, Raluca Buiculescu 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Silica Polymerization Process 323 11.3 Biocatalytic Formation of Silica 325 11.4 Biosilica Nanotechnology 327 11.5 Applications 328 11.5.1 Photonic Materials 328 11.5.2 Enzyme Stabilization 328 11.5.3 Biosensor Development 330 11.5.4 Surface Modification for Medical Applications 332 11.6 Conclusions 334 References 334 12. Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based Highly Sensitive and Selective Medical Devices 337 Bhim Bali Prasad and Mahavir Prasad Tiwari 12.1 Introduction 337 12.2 Molecular Imprinted Polymer Technology 340 12.2.1 Introduction of Molecular Recognition 340 12.2.2 Molecular Imprinting Polymerization: Background 340 12.2.3 Contributions of Polyakov, Pauling and Dickey 341 12.2.4 Approaches Toward Synthesis of MIPs 342 12.2.5 Optimization of the Polymer Structure 345 12.3 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterials 360 12.4 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based Sensing Devices 362 12.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors 362 12.4.2 Optical Sensors 371 12.4.3 Mass Sensitive Devices 374 12.5 Conclusion 379 References 379 13. Immunosensors for Diagnosis of Cardiac Injury 391 Swapneel R. Deshpande, Aswathi Anto Antony, Ashutosh Tiwari, Emilia Wiechec, Ulf Dahlstrom, Anthony P.F. Turner 13.1 Immunosensor 391 13.2 Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Biomarkers 392 13.2.1 Myocardial Infarction 392 13.2.2 Cardiac Biomarkers 393 13.2.3 Immunoglobulins/Antibodies 394 13.2.4 Immunoassay 397 13.2.5 Enzyme Immunoassay for the Quantitative Determination of Cardiac Troponin I(CTNI) Marker 398 13.3 Immunosensors for Troponin 399 13.3.1 Optical Immunosensors for Detection of Cardiac Troponin 399 13.3.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors 403 13.4 Conclusions 404 Acknowledgements 405 References 406 Part III: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14. Ground-Breaking Changes in Mimetic and Novel Nanostructured Composites for Intelligent-, Adaptive- and In vivo-responsive Drug Delivery Therapies 411 Dipak K. Sarker 14. 1 Introduction 411 14.1.1 Diseases of Major Importance in Society 416 14.1.2 Types of Cancers and Diseases Requiring Specific Dosage Delivery 419 14.2 Obstacles to the Clinician 420 14.3 Hurdles for the Pharmaceuticist 428 14.4 Nanostructures 431 14.4.1 Key Current Know-how 434 14.5 Surface Coating 435 14.7 Formulation Conditions and Parameters 439 14.8 Delivery Systems 440 14.8.1 State-of-the-Art Technological Innovation 442 14.9 Evaluation 443 14.9.1 Future Scientific Direction 445 14.10 Conclusions 447 References 448 15. Progress of Nanobiomaterials for Theranostic Systems 451 Dipendra Gyawali, Michael Palmer, Richard T. Tran and Jian Yang 15.1 Introduction 451 15.1.1 Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine 451 15.1.2 Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Targeting 453 15.1.3 Theranostic Nanomedicine 454 15.2 Design Concerns for Theranostic Nanosystems 456 15.2.1 Sizeand Stability 456 15.2.2 Surface Area and Chemistry 457 15.2.3 Drug Loading and Release 457 15.2.4 Imaging 458 15.2.5 Targeting 458 15.3 Designing a Smart and Functional Theranostic System 459 15.3.1 Tailoring Size and Shape of the Particles 459 15.3.2 Degradation and Drug Release Kinetics 460 15.3.3 Surface Properties and Placement of Targeting Molecules 461 15.4 Materials for Theranostic System 462 15.4.1 Polymeric Systems 462 15.4.2 Diagnostic and Imaging Materials 465 15.5 Theranostic Systems and Applications 474 15.5.1 Polymeric Nanoparticle-based Theranostic System 474 15.5.2 QD-based Theranostic System 475 15.5.3 Colloidal Gold-particle-based Theranostic System 478 15.5.4 Iron-oxide-based Theranostic Systems 479 15.6 Future Outlook 481 References 482 16. Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy 493 Mousa Jafari, Bahram Zargar, M. Soltani, D. Nedra Karunaratne, Brian Ingalls, P. Chen 16.1 Introduction 493 16.2 Peptides for Nucleic Acid and Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy 494 16.2.1 Self-assembling Peptides as Carriers for 16.2.2 Different Classes of Peptides Used in Gene Delivery 495 16.2.3 Protein-derived and Designed CPPs 497 16.2.4 Cell Targeting Peptides 498 16.2.5 Nuclear Localization Peptides 499 16.3 Lipid Carriers 499 16.3.1 Liposomes 499 16.3.2 Modified Liposomes 500 16.3.3 Targeted Lipid Carriers 501 16.3.4 Bolaamphiphiles 503 16.3.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) 504 16.3.6 MixedSystems 505 16.4 Polymeric Carriers 506 16.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 508 16.4.2 Dendrimers 508 16.4.3 Polymer-Protein/Aptamer Conjugates 509 16.4.4 Polymer-Drug Conjugates 510 16.4.5 NoncovalentDrug Conjugates 510 16.4.6 Cationic Polymers 511 16.4.7 Polymers for Triggered Drug Release 511 16.4.8 Polymerosomes 512 16.4.9 Other Applications 513 16.5 Bactria Mediated Cancer Therapy 514 16.5.1 The Tumor Microenvironment 514 16.5.2 Salmonella-mediated Cancer Therapy 515 16.5.3 Clostridium-mediated Cancer Therapy 517 16.6 Conclusion 519 References 519 Part IV: Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration 531 17. The Evolution of Abdominal Wall Reconstruction and the Role of Nonobiotecnology in the Development of Intelligent Abdominal Wall Mesh 533 Cherif Boutros, Hany F. Sobhi and Nader Hanna 17.1 The Complex Structure of the Abdominal Wall 534 17.2 Need for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction 535 17.3 Failure of Primary Repair 535 17.4 Limitations of the Synthetic Meshes 536 17.5 Introduction of Biomaterials To Overcome Synthetic Mesh Limitations 537 17.6 Ideal Material for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction 538 17.7 Role of Bionanotechnology in Providing the 17.7 Future Directions 542 References 542 18. Poly(Polyol Sebacate)-based Elastomeric Nanobiomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering 545 Qizhi Chen 18.1 Introduction 545 18.2 Poly(polyol sebacate) Elastomers 547 18.2.1 Synthesis and Processing of Poly(polyol sebacate) 547 18.2.2 Biocompatibility of PPS 549 18.2.3 Biodegradation of PPS 554 18.2.4 Mechanical Properties of PPS 558 18.2.6 Poly(polyol sebacate)-based Copolymers 560 18.2.7 Summary of PPS 562 18.3 Elastomeric Nanocomposites 562 18.3.1 Introduction to Elastomeric Nanocomposites 562 18.3.2 Thermoplastic Rubber-based Nanocomposites 563 18.3.3 Crosslinked Elastomer-based Nanocomposites 565 18.4 Summary 569 References 571 19. Electrospun Nanomatrix for Tissue Regeneration 577 Debasish Mondal and Ashutosh Tiwari 19.1 Introduction 577 19.2 Electrosun Nanomatrix 578 19.3 Polymeric Nanomatrices for Tissue Engineering 580 19.3.1 Natural Polymers 580 19.3.2 Synthetic Polymers 581 19.4 Biocompatibility of the Nanomatrix 581 19.5 Electrospun Nanomatrices for Tissue Engineering 583 19.5.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 584 19.5.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 585 19.5.3 Ligament Tissue Engineering 586 19.5.4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering 587 19.5.5 Skin Tissue Engineering 587 19.5.6 Vascular Tissue Engineering 589 19.5.7 Nerve Tissue Engineering 591 19.6 Status and Prognosis 592 References 593 20. Conducting Polymer Composites for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 597 Yashpal Sharma, Ashutosh Tiwari and Hisatoshi Kobayashi 20.1 Introduction 598 20.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 599 20.4 Application of Conducting Polymer in Tissue Engineering 600 20.5 Polypyrrole 600 20.6 Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) 602 20.7 Polyaniline 603 20.8 Carbon Nanotube 605 20.9 Future Prospects and Conclusions 607 Acknowledgements 608 References 608 21. Cell Patterning Technologies for Tissue Engineering 611 Azadeh Seidi and Murugan Ramalingam 21.1 Introduction 611 21.2 Patterned Co-culture Techniques 612 21.2.1 Substrate Patterning with ECM Components 613 21.2.2 Microfluidic-based Patterning 614 21.2.3 Switchable Surface-based Patterning 615 21.2.4 Mechanical and Stencil-based Patterning 615 21.2.5 3D Patterned Co-cultures 617 21.3 Applications of Co-cultures in Tissue Engineering 618 21.4 Concluding Remarks 619 Acknowledgements 619 References 620 Index 000