Introduction to Wood and Natural Fiber Composites

Series Preface xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites: An Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What Is Wood? 1 1.3 Natural Fibers 2 1.4 Composite Concept 6 1.5 Cellular Solids 13 1.6 Objectives and Organization of This Book 15 References 16 2 Lignocellulosic Materials 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Materials 19 2.3 The Woody Cell Wall as a Multicomponent Polymer System 35 2.4 Anatomical Structure of Representative Plants 40 2.5 Comparison of Representative Plant Stems 57 2.6 Cellular Solids Revisited 57 References 57 3 Wood as a Lignocellulose Exemplar 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Wood as a Representative Lignocellulosic Material: Important Physical Attributes 61 3.3 Moisture Interactions 61 3.4 Density and Specific Gravity of Wood 74 3.5 Wood: A Cellular Solid 79 3.6 Mechanical Properties 80 3.7 Wood Is the Exemplar: Extending Principles to Other Plant Materials 83 References 83 4 Consolidation Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Synthetic Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers 85 4.3 Glass Transition Temperature of Wood Polymers 89 4.4 Viscoelastic Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 97 4.5 Heat and Mass Transfer 104 4.6 Consolidation Behavior: Viscoelasticity Manifested During Hot Pressing 112 4.7 Press Cycles 119 4.8 Horizontal Density Distribution 123 References 125 5 Fundamentals of Adhesion 129 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 Overview of Adhesion as a Science 129 5.3 Adhesion Theories 136 5.4 Surface Interactions 143 5.5 Work of Adhesion: Dupr'e Equation 152 5.6 Lignocellulosic Adherends 153 References 166 6 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Lignocellulosic Composites 169 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 The Nature of Wood Adhesives 169 6.3 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Other Natural Fibers 175 6.4 Amino Resins 178 6.5 Phenolic Resins 184 6.6 Resorcinol Resins 188 6.7 Polymeric Isocyanate Adhesives 190 6.8 Epoxy Adhesives 193 6.9 Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives 196 6.10 Hot Melts and Mastics 197 6.11 Adhesives from Renewable Natural Resources 199 References 206 7 Technology of Major Wood- and Fiber-Based Composites: An Overview 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites as a Material Class 210 7.3 Taxonomy of Adhesive-Bonded Composites Technology 210 7.4 A Generic Process Flow 212 7.5 Technology of Adhesive-Bonded Materials Based on Form of Raw Material Input 213 7.6 Laboratory Panel Calculations 219 7.7 Measurement Conventions for Production Capacity and Output 222 7.8 Technology of Inorganic-Bonded Materials 225 References 234 8 Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 237 8.1 Introduction 237 8.2 Natural Fibers and Their Temperature-Related Performance 242 8.3 Plastic Composite Processing Technology 247 8.4 Overcoming Incompatibility of Synthetic Polymers and Natural Fibers 252 8.5 Melt Compounding Natural Fibers and Thermoplastics 257 8.6 Performance of Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 263 References 280 Index