Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology

Preface Biographies Contributors Chapter 1 - Overview of Nanoscience in the Environment M. Baalousha and J.R. Lead 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History 1.3 Definitions 1.4 Investment and International Efforts 1.5 Development: Four Anticipated Generations 1.6 Applications of Nanotechnology 1.7 Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology 1.8 Potential Adverse Effects of Nanomaterials 1.9 Classification 1.10 Sources of Nanomaterials in the Environment 1.11 Properties of Nanomaterials 1.12 Nanomaterial Structure-Toxicity Relationship 1.13 Environmental Fate and Behaviour of Nanomaterials 1.14 Potential for Human Exposure 1.15 Detection and Characterization of Nanomaterials 1.16 Issues to be Addressed 1.17 Conclusion 1.18 References Chapter 2 - Nanomaterials: Properties, Preparation and Applications Paul Christian 2.1 Overview 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Nanoparticle Architecture 2.4 Particle Properties 2.5 Nanoparticle Preparation 2.6 Applications of Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology 2.7 Implication for Environmental Issues 2.8 Conclusions 2.9 References Chapter 3 - Size/Shape-Property Relationships of Non-Carbonaceous Inorganic Nanoparticles and Their Environmental Implications Deborah M. Aruguete, Juan Liu and Michael F. Hochella, Jr 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticle Anatomy 3.3 Redox Chemistry of Nanoparticles 3.4 Size Effects in Nanoparticle Sorption Processes 3.5 Nanoparticle Fate: Dissolution and Solid State Cation Movement 3.6 Effect of Nanoparticle Aggregation on Physical and Chemical Properties 3.7 Environmental Implications: General Discussion, Recommendations and Outlook 3.8 References Chapter 4 - Natural Colloids and Nanoparticles in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments M. Baalousha, J.R. Lead and F.v.d. Kammer and Th. Hofmann 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Definition 4.3 Major Types of Environmental Colloids 4.4 Intrinsic Properties of Environmental Colloidal Particles 4.5 Interaction Forces Between Colloidal Particles 4.6 Fate and Behaviour of Colloids in Aquatic Systems 4.7 Fate and Behaviour of Colloids and Nanoparticles in Porous Media 4.8 Conclusion 4.9 References Chapter 5 - Atmospheric Nanoparticles Aurelie Charron and Roy M. Harrison 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sources of Atmospheric Nanoparticles 5.3 Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Nanoparticles 5.4 Fate and Behaviour of Atmospheric Nanoparticles 5.5 Atmospheric Concentrations 5.6 Measurement Methods for Atmospheric Nanoparticles 5.7 Conclusions 5.8 References Chapter 6 - Analysis and Characterization of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments Martin Hassellov and Ralf Kaegi 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nanoparticle Analysis and Characterization Methods 6.3 Analytical Test Strategy in NP Exposure Assessment 6.4 Conclusions 6.5 Acknowledgements 6.6 References 7. Ecotoxicology of Manufactured Nanoparticles Simon C. Apte, Nicola J. Rogers and Graeme E. Batley 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Physico-Chemical Transformation of Nanoparticles 7.3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Toxicity in the Environment 7.4 Development of Valid/Realistic Toxicity Testing Protocols 7.5 Review of Ecotoxicity Studies 7.6 General Conclusions and Future Directions 7.7 References 8. Exposure to Nanoparticles Robert J. Aitken, Karen S. Galea, C. Lang Tran and John W. Cherrie 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Physical Characteristics and Properties of Nanoparticles 8.3 Nanoparticle Exposure 8.4 Control of Exposure 8.5 Discussion 8.6 References 9. Human Toxicology and Effects of Nanoparticles Vicki Stone, Martin Clift and Helinor Johnston 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Ultrafine Particle Toxicology 9.3 Engineered Nanoparticles 9.4 Relating Physico-Chemical Properties to Toxicity; Structure: Activity Relationships 9.5 Suggestions for Future Study Designs 9.6 Conclusions 9.7 Abbreviations 9.8 References 10. Risk Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials Sophie A. Rocks, Simon J. Pollard, Robert A. Dorey, Paul T. C. Harrison, Len S. Levy, Richard D. Handy, John F. Garrod and Richard Owen 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Risk Assessment Process 10.3 Nanomaterials - Issues for Risk Assessment 10.4 Assembling Evidence for Safety and Intervention 10.5 International Case Studies 10.6 Data Gaps in Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials 10.7 Summary 10.8 References