Practical Flow Cytometry in Haematology Diagnosis

Preface, vii Acknowledgements, viii 1 Introduction, 1 References, 2 2 Principles of Flow Cytometry, 3 Introduction, 3 Sample preparation, 3 The flow cytometer, 4 The fluidic system, 4 The optical system, 5 The electronic system, 9 Data display, 9 Acknowledgements, 18 References, 19 3 Limitations, 20 Introduction, 20 Clinical context issues, 20 Sampling issues, 20 Technical issues, 25 Interpretation issues, 28 Conclusion, 29 References, 29 4 Normal Blood and Bone Marrow Populations, 31 Normal stem and precursor cell populations, 31 References, 41 5 Acute Leukaemia, 43 Introduction, 43 Identification of neoplastic precursor cells, 45 Lineage assignment of acute leukaemia, 52 Acute myeloid leukaemia, 54 Precursor lymphoid neoplasms (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma), 77 Examination of cerebro-spinal fluid and serous effusions, 88 Identification of genetic abnormalities by flow, 92 Conclusion, 93 References, 93 6 Chronic Lymphoid Leukaemias and Exfoliating Lymphoma, 100 Normal peripheral blood lymphoid populations, 100 Identification of clonal lymphoid populations, 101 Identification of clonal B-cell disorders, 101 CD5 positive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, 102 CD10 positive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, 116 B-cell disorders identified using an extended B-cell panel, 121 Identification of clonal T-cell disorders, 125 CD4 positive T-cell disorders, 128 CD8 positive T-cell disorders, 136 CD4/CD8 positive T-cell disorders, 141 CD4/8 negative disorders, 141 Flow cytometric assessment of serous effusions, 146 Flow cytometric assessment of cerebrospinal fluid, 146 Summary, 149 References, 149 7 Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, 152 Introduction, 152 Myelodysplastic syndromes, 152 Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, 163 Chronic myeloid leukaemia, 165 The BCR-ABL negative myeloproliferative neoplasms, 166 Mastocytosis, 167 Summary, 170 References, 170 8 Disorders of Plasma Cells, 173 Plasma cell disorders, 173 Current diagnostic criteria, 173 Plasma cell morphology, 175 The applications of immunophenotyping to plasma cell disorders, 178 References, 183 9 Minimal Residual Disease, 184 Introduction, 184 Minimal residual disease analysis in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 187 Conclusions, 199 Acknowledgements, 200 References, 200 10 Red Cells, Leucocytes and Platelets, 202 Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, 202 Red cell membrane disorders, 208 Foetal maternal haemorrhage, 211 Lymphocyte subset analysis and immunodeficiency, 214 Haemopoietic stem cell enumeration, 214 Granulocyte disorders, 215 Platelet disorders, 219 References, 221 11 Reactive and Non-neoplastic Phenomena, 225 Peripheral blood, 225 Bone marrow, 231 Pleural and pericardial fluids, 236 Bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, 238 Cerebrospinal fluid, 238 References, 240 Index, 243