Antioxidant Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Preface List of contributors 1. Antioxidants: Introduction 1 Chunhuan He, Yingming Pan, Xiaowen Ji and Hengshan Wang 1.1 The Meaning of Antioxidant 1 1.2 The Category of Antioxidants and Introduction of often Used Antioxidants 2 1.3 Antioxidant Evaluation Methods 8 1.4 Antioxidant and its Mechanisms 13 1.5 Adverse Effects of Antioxidants 15 References 16 2. Natural Polyphenol and Flavonoid Polymers 23 Kelly C. Heim 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Structural Classification of Polyphenols 24 2.3 Polyphenol Biosynthesis and Function in Plants 34 2.4 Tannins in Human Nutrition 36 2.5 Antioxidant Activity of Tannins 41 2.6 Protective Effects of Proanthocyanidins in Human Health 45 2.7 Conclusion 46 Acknowledgements 46 References 47 3. Synthesis and Applications of Polymeric Flavonoids 55 Hiroshi Uyama and Young-Jin Kim 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Polycondensates of Catechin with Aldehydes 57 3.3 Enzymatically Polymerized Flavonoids 69 3.4 Biopolymer-. avonoid Conjugates 76 3.5 Conclusion 84 References 84 4. Antioxidant Polymers: Metal Chelating Agents 87 Hiba M. Zalloum and Mohammad S. Mubarak 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Chitin and Chitosan 91 4.3 Alginates 96 4.4 Chelation Studies 97 4.4.1 Chitosan Derivatives as Chelating Agents 101 4.5 Conclusions 106 References 107 5. Antioxidant Polymers by Chitosan Modi. cation 115 Jarmila Vinsova and Eva Vavr.ikova 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Chitosan Characteristics 117 5.3 Reactive Oxygen Species and Chitosan as Antioxidant 117 5.4 Structure Modi. cations 120 5.5 Conclusion 129 References 129 6. Cellulose and Dextran Antioxidant Polymers for Biomedical Applications 133 Sonia Trombino, Roberta Cassano and Teresa Ferrarelli 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Antioxidant Polymers Cellulose-based 134 6.3 Antioxidant Polymers Dextran-based 142 References 149 7. Antioxidant Polymers by Free Radical Grafting on Natural Polymers 153 Manuela Curcio, Ortensia Ilaria Parisi, Francesco Puoci, Ilaria Altimari, Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri and Nevio Picci 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Grafting of Antioxidant Molecules on Natural Polymers 156 7.3 Proteins-based Antioxidant Polymers 157 7.4 Polysaccharides-based Antioxidant Polymers 164 7.5 Conclusions 175 Acknowledgements 176 References 176 8. Natural Polymers with Antioxidant Properties: Poly-/oligosaccharides of Marine Origin 179 Guangling Jiao, Guangli Yu, Xiaoliang Zhao, Junzeng Zhang and H. Stephen Ewart 8.1 Introduction to Polysaccharides from Marine Sources 8.2 Antioxidant Activities of Marine Polysaccharides and their Derivatives 183 8.3 Applications of Marine Antioxidant Polysaccharides and their Derivatives 191 8.4 Structure-antioxidant Relationships of Marine Poly-/oligosaccharides 193 8.5 Conclusions 195 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 9. Antioxidant Peptides from Marine Origin: Sources, Properties and Potential Applications 203 Begona Gimenez, M. Elvira Lopez-Caballero, M. Pilar Montero and M. Carmen Gomez-Guillen 9.1 Introduction 204 9.2 Whole Fish Hydrolysates 207 9.3 Marine Invertebrate Hydrolysates 223 9.4 Fish Frames Hydrolysates 227 9.5 Viscera Hydrolysates 228 9.6 Muscle Hydrolysates 232 9.7 Collagen and Gelatin Hydrolysates 240 9.8 Seaweeds Hydrolysates 243 9.9 Potential Applications 245 9.10 Conclusions 249 Acknowledgements 250 References 250 10. Synthetic Antioxidant Polymers: Enzyme Mimics 259 Cheng Wang, Gang-lin Yan and Gui-min Luo 10.1 Introduction 260 10.2 Organo-selenium/tellurium Compound Mimics 261 10.3 Metal Complex Mimics 281 10.4 Selenoprotein Mimics 295 10.5 Supramolecular Nanoenzyme Mimics 312 10.6 Conclusion 325 References 325 11. Synthetic Polymers with Antioxidant Properties 333 Ashveen V. Nand and Paul A. Kilmartin 11.1 Introduction 334 11.2 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 335 11.3 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers with Antioxidant Properties 336 11.4 Synthesis of Antioxidant Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 337 11.5 Polymer Morphologies 340 11.6 Mechanism of Radical Scavenging 344 11.7 Assessment of Free Radical Scavenging Capacity 346 11.8 Factors Affecting the Radical Scavenging Activity 348 11.9 Polymer Blends and Practical Applications 350 References 351 12. Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers Based on Sterically Hindered Phenols, a-Tocopherols, Phosphites and Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS) and their Copolymerization with Ethylene, Propylene or Styrene 355 Carl-Eric Wilen 12.1 Introduction 356 12.2 Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers to Enhance Physical Persistence and Performance of Stabilizers 361 12.3 Phenolic Antioxidant Monomers and their Copolymerization with Coordination Catalysts 369 12.4 Copolymerization of Antioxidant Monomers with Ethylene, Propylene, Styrene and Carbon Monoxide Using Single Site Catalysts 372 12.5 Conclusions 379 Acknowledgements 380 References 380 13. Novel Polymeric Antioxidants for Materials 385 Ashish Dhawan, Vijayendra Kumar, Virinder S. Parmarand Ashok L. Cholli 13.1 Industrial Antioxidants 386 13.2 Antioxidants Used in Plastics (Polymer) Industry 386 13.3 Antioxidants Used in Lubricant Industry 389 13.4 Antioxidants Used in Elastomer (Rubber) Industry 390 13.5 Antioxidants Used in Fuel Industry 392 13.6 Antioxidants Used in Food Industry 393 13.7 Limitations of Conventional Antioxidants 395 13.8 Trends towards High Molecular Weight Antioxidants 396 13.9 Motivation, Design and Methodology for Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Antioxidant Motivation 407 13.10 Biocatalytic Synthesis of Polymeric Antioxidants 409 13.11 General Procedure for Enzymatic Polymerization 410 13.12 Conclusions 421 Acknowledgement 422 References422 14. Biopolymeric Colloidal Particles Loaded with Polyphenolic Antioxidants 427 A.R. Patel and K.P. Velikov 14.1 Introduction 427 14.2 Polyphenols: Antioxidant Properties and Health Benefits 428 14.3 Polyphenols: Formulation and Delivery Challenges 429 14.4 Polyphenols Loaded Biopolymeric Colloidal Particles 431 14.5 Conclusion 454 References 455 15. Antioxidant Polymers for Tuning Biomaterial Biocompatibility: From Drug Delivery to Tissue Engineering 459 David Cochran and Thomas D. Dziubla 15.1 Introduction 459 15.2 Oxidative Stress in Relation to Biocompatibility 460 15.3 Antioxidant Polymers in Drug Delivery 467 15.4 Antioxidant Polymers in Anti-cancer Therapies 470 15.5 Antioxidant Polymers in Wound Healing and Tissue Engineering 472 15.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 476 References 479 Index 485