Preface

When my coeditors and I decided to respond to SOPHE's (Society for Public Health Education) request for prospectuses for a book on global health promotion, we were excited to have the opportunity to create the kind of book that we really hadn't seen: one that is focused on the relatively new domain of health promotion and disease prevention globally. With so much of the history of epidemiology presenting largely communicable diseases and mortality related to childbirth and the first few years of life, it has been only in the past 60 or so years that health promotion and disease prevention have become central to public health: first in what used to be called developed nations (and what we now refer to as high-income countries); and, second, in the past 15 or so years, during which life expectancies have increased sufficiently in low- and middle-income countries that the focus of public health in these countries has begun to include health promotion and disease prevention. So it was with great enthusiasm that we submitted a prospectus, and with which we reacted when our prospectus was chosen by SOPHE to become this book.

Organization of the Book

We put the book together wanting to share the best evidence with our readers about the approaches that have been successful in promoting health and reducing morbidity and mortality in a variety of areas. We also decided that health promotion strategies and approaches should be viewed through the lenses of theories and models of behavior change, human rights, and the exploding use of technology. As a result of these decisions, we organized the book as follows:

• introductory chapters,
• foundational chapters,
• strategies and best practices in global health promotion in topical areas,
• concluding chapters.

Three introductory chapters set the stage for the rest of the book. In "The State of Global Health," Richard Skolnik, the author of a major global health text, presents data about trends in causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. In "Global Health Promotion: The State of the Science," David McQueen, an internationally renowned global health promotion (GHP) scholar, talks about a fairly new and increasingly evidence-based approach to global health promotion strategies. Then, in "Global Health Promotion and the Social Determinants of Health," Kumanan Rasanathan and Alyssa Sharkey, both of whom work with UNICEF on children's health in under-resourced parts of the world, present the critical role of social and social structural variables as determinants of global health and health promotion. These introductory chapters present important ideas that are referred to throughout the book: (a) prevalence and incidence of various causes of morbidity (illness and risk factors for illness and various conditions) and mortality (death) patterns over time and across regions of the world, which should drive approaches to health promotion around the world; (b) the current status of the development and use of science- and evidence-based approaches to health promotion around the world; and (c) key underlying causes of health and illness related to social structure, processes, and resources-known as "social determinants."

The next section of the book (Chapters 4 through 7) includes foundational chapters on theory and models, human rights, and the use of technology as they relate to global health promotion. Indeed, these three lenses are used to present examples of best practices in disease and mortality reduction and prevention in the major portion of the book. Rick Zimmerman, one of the co-editors of the book and an expert in HIV prevention and behavior change theory development, and his colleagues Zhiwen Xiao, Purnima Mehrotra, and Charles Roy present "Models of Health Behavior Change: International Applications," in which key health behavior change models are described and international applications of these models are discussed, as Chapter 4. Everold Hosein (co-editor of the book), and his colleagues (senior health communication scholars May Kennedy and Sandra de Castro Buffington) describe two additional communication approaches related to behavior change, in Chapter 5, "Two Health Communication Approaches: Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) and Entertainment Education." Elvira Beracochea, an internationally known advocate for health and for implementation of health systems that see health as a right, and her co-author, Lubna Ahmed, present some definitions of ethical concepts, articulate the overlap between health promotion and human rights, and describe case examples to show how sometimes health is but sometimes how it is not delivered as a right in Chapter 6, "Global Health Promotion in the Context of Human Rights." Sheana Bull, one of the international experts in the use of technology and social media in the delivery of health promotion interventions, and co-authors Gretchen Domek and Deborah Thomas, discuss ways that technology can be used most effectively in "eHealth and Global Health Promotion," Chapter 7.

The next nine chapters (Chapters 8-16) present what is currently known about best practices in global health promotion and disease prevention in nine different domains:

• Chapter 8, "Reducing Maternal and Infant Mortality: Meeting a Global Challenge" by Padmini Murthy, an obstetrician/gynecologist who is an expert on global health;
• Chapter 9, "Malaria Prevention and Control," by Fouzia Farooq and Elke Bergmann-Leitner, scientists in the US Military Malaria Research Program;
• Chapter 10, "Global Immunization Initiatives From a Health Promotion Perspective," by Marilyn Rice, a seasoned international health worker, with extensive experience in Latin America, and her colleagues Jon K. Andrus, Virginia Swezy, and Rick S. Zimmerman;
• Chapter 11, "The Evolving Global HIV Pandemic: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Future Priorities," by Ralph DiClemente, one of the co-editors of the book and an internationally renowned expert in HIV prevention, and his colleagues Puja Seth and Purnima Mehrotra;
• Chapter 12, "Community-Based Risk Communication in Epidemics and Emerging Disease Settings," by Renata Schiavo, well-known researcher and advocate in health equity and health communication, and her colleagues Karen Hilyard and Ewart Skinner;
• Chapter 13, "Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs): Moving Toward Health Promotion," by C. James Hospedales (emphasis on Latin America) and André Pascal Kengne (emphasis on Africa), both international experts in NCDs, and their colleagues Adriana Blanco Marquizo and Branka Legetic;
• Chapter 14, "Women's Cancers," by Silvana Luciani and Irene Arguto, both of whom have spent years working for PAHO (Pan-American Health Organization, a regional arm of the World Health Organization) in the area of cancer;
• Chapter 15, "Health Promotion in Families and Communities: An Integrated Approach From Latin America and the Caribbean," by Fernando Zacarias and Gina Tambini, both experts in family and community health with experience at PAHO, and their colleagues Adrian Diaz, Manuel Pena, Adela Paez Jimenez, and Leticia Martinez; and
• Chapter 16, "Oral Health Promotion," by Margaret Scarlett, an internationally known leader in global oral health, and Gary Kreps, an internationally known global health communication researcher.

Each chapter in this core section of the text includes text boxes that highlight theories and models, human rights, and the use of technology relevant to their topic. We believe this is an important feature of this book: linking of applications across diseases/conditions/prevention domains to models and theories (the two are often presented separately, not showing the way theories are used), human rights (we believe this lens is used too rarely in considering global health promotion efforts), and technology (in ways that might suggest to readers how to use technology within their content areas of greatest interest).

The final three chapters cover issues we thought should be considered as broader concerns in moving forward with global health promotion. In Chapter 17, "Adaptation and Implementation of Public Health Innovations in Developing Countries," Bonita Stanton, Xiaoming Li, and Linda Kaljee, all senior researchers who have adapted and implemented Western-developed interventions in various international settings, discuss that process. In Chapter 18, "Health Promotion in the Global Setting: The Role of International Organizations and Governments," Jack Bryant, a pioneer in global health promotion, and Curtiss Swezy, a longtime global health program administrator, describe the history of the role of international organizations and governments in global health promotion. In the final chapter, "The Future of Global Health Promotion," Rick Zimmerman, Jon Andrus (a co-editor of the book and a long-time public health expert with more than 30 years of experience of working in the field of vaccines, immunization, and primary care in developing countries, including as deputy director of PAHO), and C. James Hospedales (long-time expert on health promotion in Latin America and the Caribbean) first look at progress in disease...