Beyond BIOS

Acknowledgements v Preface vii Chapter 1 - Introduction 1 Terminology 4 Short History of EFI 5 EFI Becomes UEFI-The UEFI Forum 6 PIWG and USWG 8 Platform Trust/Security 11 Embedded Systems: The New Challenge 12 How the Boot Process Differs between a Normal Boot and an Optimized/Embedded Boot 13 Summary 14 Chapter 2 - Basic UEFI Architecture 15 Objects Managed by UEFI-based Firmware 15 UEFI System Table 16 Handle Database 16 Protocols 18 Working with Protocols 21 Multiple Protocol Instances 21 Tag GUID 21 UEFI Images 22 Applications 25 OS Loader 25 Drivers 26 Events and Task Priority Levels 27 Summary 30 Chapter 3 - UEFI Driver Model 31 Why a Driver Model Prior to OS Booting? 31 Driver Initialization 32 Host Bus Controllers 33 Device Drivers 35 Bus Drivers 36 Platform Components 38 Hot Plug Events 38 Pseudo Code 41 Device Driver 41 Bus Driver that Creates All of Its Child Handles on the First Call to Start() 42 Bus Driver that Is Able to Create All or One of Its Child Handles on Each Call to Start(): 43 Additional Innovations 47 Security 47 Manageability 48 Networking 49 Summary 52 Chapter 4 - Protocols You Should Know 53 EFI OS Loaders 55 Device Path and Image Information of the OS Loader 56 Accessing Files in the Device Path of the OS Loader 57 Finding the OS Partition 58 Getting the Current System Configuration 60 Getting the Current Memory Map 61 Getting Environment Variables 62 Transitioning to an OS Kernel 63 Summary 63 Chapter 5 - UEFI Runtime 65 Isn't There Only One Kind of Memory? 66 How Are Runtime Services Exposed? 69 Time Services 70 Why Abstract Time? 70 Get Time 70 Set Time 71 Get Wakeup Time 72 Set Wakeup Time 72 Virtual Memory Services 72 Set Virtual Address Map 73 ConvertPointer 73 Variable Services 74 GetVariable 74 GetNextVariableName 75 SetVariable 75 Miscellaneous Services 77 Reset System 78 Get Next High Monotonic Count 79 UpdateCapsule 79 QueryCapsuleCapabilities 80 Summary 80 Chapter 6 - UEFI Console Services 81 Simple Text Input Protocol 83 Simple Text Input Ex Protocol 86 Simple Text Output Protocol 87 Remote Console Support 89 Console Splitter 92 Network Consoles 93 Summary 95 Chapter 7 - Different Types of Platforms 97 Summary 110 Chapter 8 - DXE Basics: Core, Dispatching, and Drivers 111 DXE Core 112 Hand-Off Block (HOB) List 114 DXE Architectural Protocols 115 EFI System Table 117 EFI Boot Services Table 118 EFI Runtime Services Table 119 DXE Services Table 119 Global Coherency Domain Services 120 GCD Memory Resources 120 GCD I/O Resources 122 DXE Dispatcher 123 The a priori File 125 Dependency Grammar 125 DXE Drivers 126 Boot Device Selection (BDS) Phase 127 Console Devices 128 Boot Devices 129 Boot Services Terminate 129 Summary 130 Chapter 9 - Some Common UEFI and PI Functions 131 Architectural Protocol Examples 132 CPU Architectural Protocol 133 Real Time Clock Architectural Protocol 135 Timer Architectural Protocol 135 Reset Architectural Protocol 136 Boot Device Selection Architectural Protocol 137 Variable Architectural Protocol 138 Watchdog Timer Architectural Protocol 138 PCI Protocols 139 PCI Host Bridge Resource Allocation Protocol 139 PCI Root Bridge I/O 143 PCI I/O 145 Block I/O 147 Disk I/O 149 Simple File System 150 EFI File Protocol 151 Configuration Infrastructure 152 Using the Configuration Infrastructure 153 Driver Model Interactions 154 Provisioning the Platform 155 Summary 156 Chapter 10 - Platform Security and Trust 157 Trust Overview 157 Trusted Platform Module (TPM) and Measured Boot 160 What Is a Trusted Building Block (TBB)? 163 What Is the Point of Measurements? 168 UEFI Secure Boot 169 UEFI Executable Verification 170 UEFI Networking 173 UEFI User Identification (UID) 176 Hardware Evolution: SRTM-to-DRTM 177 Platform Manufacturer 178 Vulnerability Classification 180 Roots of Trust/Guards 180 Summary 181 Chapter 11 - Boot Device Selection 183 Firmware Boot Manager 185 Related Definitions 188 Globally-Defined Variables 188 Default Behavior for Boot Option Variables 191 Boot Mechanisms 191 Boot via Simple File Protocol 192 Boot via LOAD_FILE Protocol 193 Summary 194 Chapter 12 - Boot Flows 195 Defined Boot Modes 196 Priority of Boot Paths 196 Reset Boot Paths 198 Intel® Itanium® Processor Reset 198 Non-Power-On Resets 199 Normal Boot Paths 199 Basic G0-to-S0 and S0 Variation Boot Paths 200 S-State Boot Paths 200 Recovery Paths 201 Discovery 201 General Recovery Architecture 202 Special Boot Path Topics 203 Special Boot Paths 203 Special Intel Itanium® Architecture Boot Paths 203 Intel Itanium® Architecture Access to the Boot Firmware Volume 203 Architectural Boot Mode PPIs 207 Recovery 207 Discovery 208 Summary 208 Chapter 13 - Pre-EFI Initialization (PEI) 209 Scope 209 Rationale 210 Overview 210 Phase Prerequisites 212 Temporary RAM 212 Boot Firmware Volume 212 Security Primitives 213 Concepts 213 PEI Foundation 213 Pre-EFI Initialization Modules (PEIMs) 214 PEI Services 215 PEIM-to-PEIM Interfaces (PPIs) 215 Simple Heap 216 Hand-Off Blocks (HOBs) 216 Operation 217 Dependency Expressions 218 Verification/Authentication 219 PEIM Execution 219 Memory Discovery 219 Intel® Itanium® Processor MP Considerations 220 Recovery 220 S3 Resume 221 The "Terse Executable" and Cache-as-RAM 222 Example System 223 Summary 226 Chapter 14 - Putting It All Together-Firmware Emulation 227 Virtual Platform 228 Emulation Firmware Phases 230 Hardware Pass-Through 235 Summary 236 Chapter 15 - Reducing Platform Boot Times 237 Proof of Concept 240 Marketing Requirements 241 What Are the Design Goals? 242 Platform Policy 242 What Are the Supported OS Targets? 243 Do We Have to Support Legacy Operating Systems? 243 Do We Have to Support Legacy Option ROMs? 243 Are We Required to Display an OEM Splash Screen? 244 What Type of Boot Media Is Supported? 244 What Is the BIOS Recovery/Update Strategy? 245 When Processing Things Early 245 Is There a Need for Pre-OS User Interaction? 246 Additional Details 246 Adjusting the BIOS to Avoid Unnecessary Drivers 246 What Is the Boot Target? 247 Steps Taken in a Normal and Optimized Boot 247 Loading a Boot Target 248 Organizing the Flash Effectively 249 Minimize the Files Needed 249 Summary 250 The Primary Adjustments 250 Suggested Next Steps 251 Chapter 16 - Embedded Boot Solution 253 CE Device Landscape 253 CE Device Boot Challenges 254 In-Vehicle Infotainment 256 Other Embedded Platforms 257 Generic Requirements 258 Boot Strategies 259 Power Management 261 Boot Storage Devices 261 Security 263 Manageability 267 Summary 268 Chapter 17 - Manageability 269 Overall Management Framework 269 Dynamic In-Band 271 Out-of-Band 271 Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) 271 UEFI Error Format Standardization 272 UEFI Error Format Overview 276 Error Record Types 276 Windows Hardware Error Architecture and the Role of UEFI 277 Technology Intercepts: UEFI, IPMI, Intel® AMT, WS-MAN 281 Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) 281 Intel® Active Management Technology (Intel AMT) 283 Web Services Management Protocol (WS-MAN) 285 Other Industry Initiatives 285 The UEFI/IPMI/Intel® AMT/WS-MAN Bridge 286 IPMI Error Records to UEFI 287 UEFI Error Records to IPMI 287 Intel® AMT and IPMI 287 Future Work 288 Configuration Namespace 288 Namespace Entries 292 Summary 293 Appendix A - Data Types 295 Appendix B - Status Codes 297 Index 301