The Rotterdam Rules 2008

Name: The Rotterdam Rules 2008 | Commentary to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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Commentary to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea

Alexander von Ziegler Johan Schelin(Editor)

Kluwer Law International (Publisher)

Published on 25. June 2010

456 pages

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The 2008 UNCITRAL Convention commonly known as the Rotterdam Rules promises to
achieve the hitherto elusive goal of a legal unification of international
transport contracts. Its innovative set of rules accommodates such modern
trade practices as those treating the carriage of goods by sea as part of
wider door-to-door commercial transport operations and those relying on
electronic commerce. It closes many gaps in the existing international
transport regime, thoroughly specifying the relation of transport documents to
the rights and obligations between exporters and importers of goods, and
clarifying the interests of credit and insurance in contracts of carriage.
This remarkable book, which will examine the Rotterdam Rules in depth, is
edited and written by international lawyers intimately familiar with the
negotiations leading to the Convention in finished form. It proceeds by a
detailed analysis of each of the Convention's 18 chapters in turn, in a
clause-by-clause manner, drawing attention to interlinking implications
throughout the document. The book's lucid insights and guidance are especially
valuable in showing exactly how the Rules improve the existing international
transport regime through its clearer and more complete regulation of such
elements as the following:

allocation of burden of proof;

evidentiary value of transport documents and electronic records, including
non-negotiable documents and records;

freedom of contract in respect of volume contracts;

continuous character of the obligation of seaworthiness;

limits of liability;

rights during transit;

recovery of loss of and damage to goods caused by accidents of navigation;

jurisdiction and arbitration;

role of subcontracted carriers both on sea and inland;

role of warehouses, transport terminals and stevedoring companies;

risks and contract practices of lenders;

interests of freight forwarders, cargo insurers and liability insurers; and

prevention of maritime fraud.

The authors provide a crystal-clear picture that allows the reader to
appreciate the balanced way in which the interests of the various stakeholders
are addressed by the Rules - the greater legal certainty for each party's
legal position, the freedom to extend the Rules by contract to the whole
transport operation, the clear legal basis for the use of electronic transport
records, and the flexibility with which the Rules have left room for evolving
trade practices. It will be of immeasurable value to practitioners and all
parties interested in understanding how the new Convention operates and how
the provisions are intended to be applied after the Convention comes into
force.

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Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Summary of Contents
Table of Contents
Foreword by the Editors
Foreword
General Introduction
1. MODERN APPROACH TO A UNIFORM TRANSPORT LAW
2. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CONVENTION
3. ROTTERDAM RULES AND THE PRESENT SYSTEMS
3.1. GENERAL
3.2. CONTRACTING CARRIERS
3.3. SUB-CARRIERS PERFORMING CARRIAGE BY SEA
3.4. OTHER MARITIME PERFORMING PARTIES: TERMINAL OPERATORS, STEVEDORING COMPANIES AND OTHER PORT ENTERPRISES
3.5. CARRIERS BY OTHER MODES
3.6. SHIPPERS
3.7. BUYERS
3.8. CONSIGNEES
3.9. PROTECTION AND INDEMNITY CLUBS
3.10. CARGO INSURERS
3.11. BANKS
1. General Provisions
1.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2. ARTICLE: DEFINITIONS
1.3. ARTICLE 2: INTERPRETATION OF THIS CONVENTION
1.4. ARTICLE 3: FORM REQUIREMENTS
1.5. ARTICLE 4: APPLICABILITY OF DEFENCES AND LIMITS OF LIABILITY
2. Scope of Application
2.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
2.2. ARTICLE 5: GENERAL SCOPE OF APPLICATION
2.2.1. OVERVIEW OF THE ARTICLE
2.2.2. THE CONTRACTUAL APPROACH: 'CONTRACTS OF CARRIAGE'
2.2.3. GEOGRAPHIC REQUIREMENTS
2.2.4. NATIONALITY - AN IRRELEVANT FACTOR
2.3. ARTICLE 6: SPECIFIC EXCLUSIONS
2.3.1. OVERVIEW OF THE ARTICLE
2.3.2. THE CHARTERPARTY EXCLUSION
2.3.3. THE DEFINITIONS OF LINER AND NON-LINER TRANSPORTATION
2.4. ARTICLE 7: APPLICATION TO CERTAIN PARTIES
3. Electronic Transport Records
3.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
3.2. DEFINITIONS
3.2.1. ARTICLE 1(17): 'ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION'
3.2.2. ARTICLE 1(18): 'ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD'
3.2.3. ARTICLE 1(19): 'NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD'
3.2.4. ARTICLE 1(21): 'ISSUANCE OF A NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD'
3.2.5. ARTICLE 1(22): 'TRANSFER OF A NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD'
3.3. ARTICLE 8: USE AND EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORDS
3.3.1. PURPOSE OF THE PROVISION
3.3.2. LEGAL CHALLENGES IN DEVISING NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS
3.4. ARTICLE 9: PROCEDURES FOR USE OF NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORDS
3.4.1. PURPOSE OF THE PROVISION
3.4.2. THE ROLE OF PARTY AUTONOMY
3.4.3. PROCEDURES APPLICABLE TO NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS
3.5. ARTICLE 10: REPLACEMENT OF NEGOTIABLE TRANSPORT DOCUMENT OR NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD
3.5.1. PURPOSE OF THE PROVISION
3.5.2. PLURALITY OF ORIGINALS
4. Obligations of the Carrier
4.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
4.2. ARTICLE 11: CARRIAGE AND DELIVERY OF THE GOODS
4.3. ARTICLE 12: PERIOD OF RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CARRIER
4.3.1. ARTICLE 12.1: PERIOD OF RESPONSIBILITY DURING THE CUSTODY OVER THE GOODS
4.3.2. ARTICLE 12.2: HANDING OVER OF THE GOODS TO AUTHORITIES
4.3.3. ARTICLE 12.3: CONTRACTUAL DEFINITIONS OF THE TIME OF RECEIPT AND DELIVERY
4.4. ARTICLE 13: SPECIFIC OBLIGATIONS
4.4.1. ARTICLE 13.1: DUTY TO CARE FOR THE CARGO
4.4.2 ARTICLE 13.2: AGREEMENT RELATING TO LOADING AND HANDLING BY THE SHIPPER (FIO/FIOS)
4.5. ARTICLE 14: SPECIFIC OBLIGATIONS APPLICABLE TO THE VOYAGE BY SEA
4.6. ARTICLE 15: GOODS THAT MAY BECOME A DANGER
4.7. ARTICLE 16: SACRIFICE OF THE GOODS DURING THE VOYAGE BY SEA
4.8. CONCLUSION
5. Liability of the Carrier for Loss, Damage or Delay
5.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
5.2. ARTICLE 17: BASIS OF LIABILITY
5.2.1. ARTICLE 17(1): THE 'PRIMA FACIE CASE'
5.2.2. ARTICLE 17(2): PROOF OF LACK OF FAULT
5.2.3. ARTICLE 17(3): SPECIFIC EXCEPTIONS
5.2.4. ARTICLE 17(4): PROOF BY SHIPPER
5.2.5. ARTICLE 17(5): UNSEAWORTHINESS AND DUE DILIGENCE
5.2.6. ARTICLE 17(6): APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY AND CONCURRENT CAUSES
5.3. ARTICLE 18: LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER FOR OTHER PERSONS
5.3.1. PRINCIPLE OF VICARIOUS LIABILITY
5.3.2. ARTICLE 18(A): LIABILITY FOR ANY PERFORMING PARTY
5.3.3. ARTICLE 18(B): LIABILITY FOR MASTER AND CREW
5.3.4. ARTICLE 18(C): LIABILITY FOR EMPLOYEES
5.3.5. ARTICLE 18(D): LIABILITY FOR ANY OTHER PERSON
5.4. ARTICLE 19: LIABILITY OF MARITIME PERFORMING PARTIES
5.4.1. THE CONCEPT
5.4.2. ARTICLE 19(1): BASIS OF LIABILITY AND DEFENCES
5.4.3. ARTICLE 19(2): SPECIAL AGREEMENTS BY CONTRACTUAL CARRIERS
5.4.4. ARTICLE 19(3): VICARIOUS LIABILITY - MARITIME PERFORMING CARRIERS
5.4.5. ARTICLE 19(4): MASTER, CREW, AND EMPLOYEES OWN LIABILITY
5.5. ARTICLE 20: JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY
5.6. ARTICLE 21: DELAY
5.7. ARTICLE 22 CALCULATION OF COMPENSATION
5.7.1. ARTICLE 22(1): ARRIVED SOUND MARKET VALUE
5.7.2. ARTICLE 22(2): CALCULATION
5.7.3. ARTICLE 22(3): VALUE AS A FORM OF LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
5.8. ARTICLE 23: NOTICE IN CASE OF LOSS, DAMAGE OR DELAY
5.8.1. ARTICLE 23(1): NOTICE FOR DAMAGES OR LOSS
5.8.2. ARTICLE 23(2): FAILURE TO GIVE TIMELY NOTICE
5.8.3. ARTICLE 23(3): JOINT INSPECTION
5.8.4. ARTICLE 23(4): NOTICE IN CASES OF DELAY
5.8.5. ARTICLE 23(5): TO WHOM THE NOTICE MUST BE ADDRESSED
5.8.6. ARTICLE 23(6): DUTY TO FACILITATE THE TAKING OF EVIDENCE
6. Additional Provisions Relating to Particular Stages of Carriage
6.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
6.2. ARTICLE 24: DEVIATION
6.2.1. GENERAL
6.2.2. DEVIATION UNDER THE HAGUE, HAGUE-VISBY AND HAMBURG RULES
6.2.3. DEVIATION UNDER THE ROTTERDAM RULES
6.2.4. NATIONAL DOCTRINES ON DEV
6.3. ARTICLE 25: DECK CARGO ON SHIPS
6.3.1. GENERAL
6.3.2. CARRIER'S RIGHT TO CARRY GOODS ON DECK
6.3.3. CARRIER'S LIABILITY FOR DECK CARGO
6.3.4. AGREEMENTS ON DECK CARRIAGE AND THE POSITION OF THIRD PARTY ACQUIRERS OF NEGOTIABLE TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS AND ELECTRONIC RECORDS
6.3.5. DECK CARGO AND UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDITS 600
6.4. ARTICLE 26: CARRIAGE PRECEDING OR SUBSEQUENT TO SEA CARRIAGE
6.4.1. PURPOSE OF ARTICLE 26
6.4.2. THE NETWORK LIABILITY SYSTEM OF ARTICLE 26
7. Obligations of the Shipper to the Carrier
7.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
7.2. ARTICLE 27: DELIVERY FOR CARRIAGE
7.2.1. DELIVERY READY FOR CARRIAG
7.2.2. HANDLING, LOADING, AND STOWING UNDER FREIGHT IN AND OUT AND FREIGHT IN AND OUT STOWED CLAUSES
7.2.3. DELAY IN DELIVERY FOR CARRIAGE
7.3. ARTICLE 28: COOPERATION OF THE SHIPPER AND THE CARRIER IN PROVIDING INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTIONS
7.4. ARTICLE 29: SHIPPER'S OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE INFORMATION, INSTRUCTIONS AND DOCUMENTS
7.5. ARTICLE 30: BASIS OF SHIPPER'S LIABILITY TO THE CARRIER
7.6. ARTICLE 31: INFORMATION FOR COMPILATION OF CONTRACT PARTICULARS
7.7. ARTICLE 32: SPECIAL RULES ON DANGEROUS GOODS
7.8. ARTICLE 33: ASSUMPTION OF SHIPPER'S RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS BY THE DOCUMENTARY SHIPPER
7.9. ARTICLE 34: LIABILITY OF THE SHIPPER FOR OTHER PERSONS
8. Transport Documents and Electronic Transport Records
8.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
8.2. ARTICLE 35: ISSUANCE OF THE TRANSPORT DOCUMENT OR THE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD
8.2.1. CARRIER'S DUTY TO ISSUE A TRANSPORT DOCUMENT OR AN ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD
8.2.2. WHO IS ENTITLED TO A TRANSPORT DOCUMENT OR AN ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD
8.3. ARTICLE 36: CONTRACT PARTICULARS
8.3.1. INTRODUCTION
8.3.2. ARTICLE 36(1): INFORMATION ON GOODS AS FURNISHED BY THE SHIPPER
8.3.3. ARTICLE 36(2): INFORMATION ON THE CARRIER ITSELF OR CARRIER'S ACTION OR OBSERVATION
8.3.4. ARTICLE 36(3): OTHER INFORMATION
8.4. ARTICLE 37: IDENTITY OF THE CARRIER
8.4.1. INTRODUCTION
8.4.2. WHEN THE CARRIER IS IDENTIFIED BY NAME IN THE CONTRACT PARTICULARS
8.4.3. WHEN NO PERSON IS IDENTIFIED IN THE CONTRACT PARTICULARS
8.5. ARTICLE 38: SIGNATURE
8.5.1. SIGNATURE IN A TRANSPORT DOCUMENT
8.5.2. AN ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE IN AN ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT DOCUMENT
8.6. ARTICLE 39: DEFICIENCIES IN THE CONTRACT PARTICULARS
8.6.1. ARTICLE 39(1): GENERAL RULE
8.6.2. ARTICLE 39(2) AND (3): DEFAULT RULES
8.7. ARTICLE 40: QUALIFYING THE INFORMATION RELATING TO THE GOODS IN THE CONTRACT PARTICULARS
8.7.1. INTRODUCTION
8.7.2. WHEN THE CARRIER MUST QUALIFY THE INFORMATION
8.7.3. WHEN THE CARRIER MAY QUALIFY THE INFORMATION - NON-CONTAINERIZED CARGO
8.7.4. WHEN THE CARRIER MAY QUALIFY THE INFORMATION - CONTAINERIZED CARGO
8.7.5. EFFECT OF THE QUALIFYING CLAUSES
8.8. ARTICLE 41: EVIDENTIARY EFFECT OF THE CONTRACT PARTICULARS
8.8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.8.2. EVIDENTIARY EFFECT AS BETWEEN PARTIES
8.8.3. EVIDENTIARY EFFECT AS BETWEEN THE CARRIER AND A THIRD PARTY
8.9. ARTICLE 42: 'FREIGHT PREPAID'
8.9.1. THE EFFECT OF THE STATEMENT 'FREIGHT PREPAID'
8.9.2. THE EFFECT OF THE LACK OF THE STATEMENT 'FREIGHT PREPAID'
9. Delivery of the Goods
9.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
9.1.1. DELIVERY OF THE GOODS UNDER HAGUE AND HAGUE-VISBY RULES
9.1.2. BASIS OBLIGATION OF THE CARRIER UNDER THE ROTTERDAM RULES
9.1.3. DEFINITIONS
9.1.4. CHARTER PARTIES
9.2. ARTICLE 43: OBLIGATION TO ACCEPT DELIVERY
9.3. ARTICLE 44: OBLIGATION TO ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT
9.4. ARTICLE 45: DELIVERY WHEN NO NEGOTIABLE TRANSPORT DOCUMENT OR NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD IS ISSUED
9.4.1. PREAMBLE
9.4.2. SUBSECTION (A)
9.4.3. SUBSECTION (B)
9.4.4. SUBSECTION (C)
9.4.5. SUBSECTION (D)
9.5. ARTICLE 46: DELIVERY WHEN A NON-NEGOTIABLE TRANSPORT DOCUMENT THAT REQUIRES SURRENDER IS ISSUED
9.5.1. PREAMBLE
9.5.2. SUBSECTION (A)
9.5.3. SUBSECTION (B)
9.5.4. SUBSECTION (C)
9.6. ARTICLE 47: DELIVERY WHEN A NEGOTIABLE TRANSPORT DOCUMENT OR NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD IS ISSUED
9.6.1. PARAGRAPH (1)
9.6.2. PARAGRAPH (2)
9.6.3. THE STANDARD OF 'REASONABLE EFFORT'
9.6.4. REMEDIES AGAINST THE COMPLEXITIES OF ARTICLES 45-47
9.7. ARTICLE 48: GOODS REMAINING UNDELIVERED
9.7.1. INTRODUCTION
9.7.2. PARAGRAPH 1
9.7.3. PARAGRAPH 2
9.7.4. PARAGRAPH 3
9.7.5. PARAGRAPH 4
9.7.6. PARAGRAPH 5
9.8. ARTICLE 49: RETENTION OF GOODS
10. Rights of the Controlling Party
10.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
10.2. ARTICLE 50: EXERCISE AND EXTENT OF RIGHT OF CONTROL
10.2.1. CONTENT OF THE RIGHT OF CONTROL
10.2.2. EXTINCTION OF THE RIGHT OF CONTROL
10.3. ARTICLE 51: IDENTITY OF THE CONTROLLING PARTY AND TRANSFER OF THE RIGHT OF CONTROL
10.3.1. CRITERIA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE 'CONTROLLING PARTY'
10.3.2. TRANSFER OF THE POSITION OF 'CONTROLLING PARTY'
10.4. ARTICLE 52: CARRIER'S EXECUTION OF INSTRUCTIONS
10.4.1. LIMITS TO THE RIGHT OF CONTROL
10.4.2. OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONTROLLING PARTY DERIVING FROM THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF CONTROL
10.4.3. OBLIGATIONS OF THE CARRIER
10.5. ARTICLE 53: DEEMED DELIVERY
10.6. ARTICLE 54: VARIATIONS TO THE CONTRACT OF CARRIAGE
10.7. ARTICLE 55: PROVIDING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, INSTRUCTIONS OR DOCUMENTS TO CARRIER
10.7.1. OBLIGATION OF THE CONTROLLING PARTY TO PROVIDE TO THE CARRIER THE NECESSARY INFORMATION, INSTRUCTIONS AND DOCUMENTS
10.7.2. LIABILITY OF THE CONTROLLING PARTY: PARTICULARLY, THE HOLDER OF THE NEGOTIABLE TRANSPORT DOCUMENT
10.8. ARTICLE 56: VARIATION BY AGREEMENT
11. Transfer of Rights
11.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
11.2. ARTICLE 57: WHEN A NEGOTIABLE TRANSPORT DOCUMENT OR NEGOTIABLE ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT RECORD IS ISSUED
11.3. ARTICLE 58: LIABILITY OF HOLDER
12. Limits of Liability
12.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
12.2. ARTICLE 59: LIMITS OF LIABILITY
12.2.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2.2. THE LIMITATION AMOUNT FOR LOSS OF OR DAMAGE TO GOODS
12.2.3. TREATMENT OF NON-LOCALIZED DAMAGES
12.2.4. THE MEANING OF 'CONTAINER'
12.3. ARTICLE 60: LIMITS OF LIABILITY FOR LOSS CAUSED BY DELAY
12.3.1. INTRODUCTION
12.3.2. THE TERM 'ECONOMIC LOSS'
12.3.3. THE LIMITATION AMOUNT FOR LOSS CAUSED BY DELAY
12.3.4. THE AMOUNT OF LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES FOR CARRIERS UNDER DIFFERENT TRANSPORTATION MODE CONVENTIONS
12.3.5. THE LIMITATION OF LIABILITY OF SHIPPER FOR DELAY IN DELIVERY
12.4. ARTICLE 61: LOSS OF THE BENEFIT OF LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
12.4.1. INTRODUCTION
12.4.2. THE PHRASE 'PERSONAL ACT OR OMISSION'
12.4.3. THE PHRASE 'OR AS PROVIDED IN THE CONTRACT OF CARRIAGE'
12.4.4. THE PHRASE 'IF THE CLAIMANT PROVES'
12.4.5. THE AMOUNTS OF LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES FOR CARRIERS UNDER DIFFERENT TRANSPORTATION MODE CONVENTIONS
13. Time for Suit
13.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
13.2. ARTICLE 62: PERIOD OF TIME FOR SUIT
13.2.1. GENERAL
13.2.2. PARAGRAPH 1
13.2.3. PARAGRAPH 2
13.2.4. PARAGRAPH 3
13.3. ARTICLE 63: EXTENSION OF TIME FOR SUIT
13.3.1. GENERAL
13.3.2. SUSPENSION OR INTERRUPTION
13.3.3. EXTENSION BY DECLARATION
13.4. ARTICLE 64: ACTION FOR INDEMNITY
13.5. ARTICLE 65: ACTIONS AGAINST THE PERSON IDENTIFIED AS THE CARRIER
13.5.1. GENERAL
14. Jurisdiction
14.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
14.2. ARTICLE 66: ACTIONS AGAINST THE CARRIER
14.2.1. GENERAL SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER AND ACTIONS AGAINST THE CARRIER
14.2.2. THE CONNECTING FACTORS
14.3. ARTICLE 67: CHOICE OF COURT AGREEMENTS
14.3.1. EXCLUSIVE CHOICE OF COURT AGREEMENTS
14.4. ARTICLE 68: ACTIONS AGAINST THE MARITIME PERFORMING PARTY
14.5. ARTICLE 69: NO ADDITIONAL BASES OF JURISDICTION
14.6. ARTICLE 70: ARREST AND PROVISIONAL OR PROTECTIVE MEASURES
14.7. ARTICLE 71: CONSOLIDATION AND REMOVAL OF ACTIONS
14.7.1. JOINT ACTIONS AGAINST THE CARRIER AND A MARITIME PERFORMING PARTY
14.7.2. PROTECTION OF THE CARGO CLAIMANT AGAINST DECLARATORY ACTIONS BY THE CARRIER OR A MARITIME PERFORMING PARTY
14.8. ARTICLE 72: AGREEMENT AFTER A DISPUTE HAS ARISEN AND JURISDICTION WHEN THE DEFENDANT HAS ENTERED AN APPEARANCE
14.9. ARTICLE 73: RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT
14.10. ARTICLE 74: APPLICATION OF CHAPTER 13
15. Arbitration
15.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
15.2. ARTICLE 75: ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS
15.2.1. GENERAL
15.2.2. THE VOLUME CONTRACT EXCEPTION
15.2.3. EXTENSION OF VOLUME CONTRACT PLACE OF ARBITRATION TO THIRD-PARTY HOLDERS OF TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS OR ELECTRONIC RECORDS ISSUED PURSUANT TO VOLUME CONTRACTS
15.3. ARTICLE 76: ARBITRATION AGREEMENT IN NON-LINER TRANSPORTATION
15.4. ARTICLE 77: AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE AFTER A DISPUTE HAS ARISEN
15.5. ARTICLE 78: APPLICATION OF CHAPTER 15
16. Validity of Contractual Terms
16.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
16.2. ARTICLE 79: GENERAL PROVISIONS
16.3. ARTICLE 80: SPECIAL RULES FOR VOLUME CONTRACTS
16.3.1. BACKGROUND
16.3.2. PARAGRAPH 1
16.3.3. PARAGRAPH 2
16.3.4. PARAGRAPH 3
16.3.5. PARAGRAPH 4
16.3.6. PARAGRAPH 5
16.3.7. PARAGRAPH 6
16.3.8. COMPARISONS WITH OTHER REGIMES
16.4. ARTICLE 81: SPECIAL RULES FOR LIVE ANIMALS AND CERTAIN OTHER GOODS
17. Matters Not Governed by This Convention
17.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
17.2. ARTICLE 82: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS GOVERNING THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY OTHER MODES OF TRANSPORT
17.3. ARTICLE 83: GLOBAL LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
17.4. ARTICLE 84: GENERAL AVERAGE
17.5. ARTICLE 85: PASSENGERS AND LUGGAGE
17.6. ARTICLE 86: DAMAGE CAUSED BY NUCLEAR INCIDENT
18. Final Clauses
18.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
18.2. ARTICLE 87: DEPOSITARY
18.3. ARTICLE 88: SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION, ACCEPTANCE, APPROVAL OR ACCESSION
18.4. ARTICLE 89: DENUNCIATION OF OTHER CONVENTIONS
18.5. ARTICLE 90: RESERVATIONS
18.6. ARTICLE 91: PROCEDURE AND EFFECT OF DECLARATIONS
18.7. ARTICLE 92: EFFECT IN DOMESTIC TERRITORIAL UNITS
18.8. ARTICLE 93: PARTICIPATION BY REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ORGANIZATIONS
18.9. ARTICLE 94: ENTRY INTO FORCE
18.10. ARTICLE 95: REVISION AND AMENDMENT
18.11. ARTICLE 96: DENUNCIATION OF THIS CONVENTION
19. Conclusion
19.1. THE MAKING OF A CONVENTION
19.2. THE MILESTONES
19.3. THE METHODS
19.4. THE AUTHORS
Appendix. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea
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The Rotterdam Rules 2008

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