Contemporary Issues in Systems Science and Engineering
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Contributors xxiii
Preface xxix
I Systems Science are Engineering Methodologies 1
1 A Systems Framework For Sustainability 3 Ali G. Hessami, Feng Hsu, are Hamid Jahankhani
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 A Unified Systems Sustainability Concept 5
1.3 Sustainability Assurance: the Framework 6
1.3.1 Weighted Factors Analysis 6
1.3.2 the Framework 7
1.3.3 the Macro Concept of a Sustainable Architecture (G4.1) 10
1.3.4 the Micro Concept of a Sustainable System 11
1.3.5 A Top-Down Hierarchy of a Multi-Level Sustainability Concept 12
1.4 Technological Sustainability Case Study-Information Systems Security 13
1.4.1 Network Security as a Business Issue 14
1.4.2 the Focus of Investment on Network Security 15
1.5 Conclusions 17
References 18
2 System of Systems Thinking In Policy Development: Challenges are Opportunities 21 Keith W. Hipel, Liping Fang, are Michele Bristow
2.1 Introduction 21
2.1.1 A World in Crisis 21
2.1.2 System of Systems 23
2.2 Value Systems are Ethics 26
2.2.1 Conflicting Value Systems 27
2.2.2 Modeling Value Systems 28
2.3 Complex Adaptive Systems 32
2.3.1 Emergent Behavior 32
2.3.2 Modeling Complex Systems 34
2.4 Risk, Uncertainty, are Unpredictability 37
2.4.1 Risk Management 37
2.4.2 Modeling Risk are Adaptation Processes 40
2.5 System of Systems Modeling are Policy Development 42
2.5.1 Global Food System Model 43
2.5.2 Policy Implications 51
2.6 Conclusions 58
References 59
3 Systemic Yoyos: An Intuition are Playground For General Systems Research 71 Yi Lin, Yi Dongyun, are Zaiwu Gong
3.1 Introduction 71
3.1.1 the Concept of General Systems 72
3.1.2 A Look at the Success of Calculus-Based Theories 75
3.1.3 Whole Evolution are Yoyo Fields 78
3.2 Theoretical are Empirical Justifications 81
3.2.1 Transitional Changes in Whole Evolutions 81
3.2.2 Quantitative Infinity are Equal Quantitative Effects 83
3.2.3 Fluid Circulation, Informational Infrastructure, are Human Communications 86
3.3 Elementary Properties of Yoyo Fields 91
3.3.1 Eddy are Meridian Fields 91
3.3.2 Interactions Between Systemic Yoyos 94
3.3.3 Laws on State of Motion 98
3.4 Applications in Social Sciences 102
3.4.1 Systemic Structures of Civilizations 102
3.4.2 Systemic Structures Beneath Business Organizations 108
3.4.3 Systemic Structure in Human Mind 109
3.5 Applications in Economics 113
3.5.1 Becker's Rotten Kid Theorem 113
3.5.2 Interindustry Wage Differentials 117
3.5.3 Price Behaviors of Projects 122
3.6 Applications in the Foundations of Mathematics 127
3.6.1 Historical Crises in the Foundations of Mathematics 128
3.6.2 Actual are Potential Infinities 131
3.6.3 Vase Puzzle are the Fourth Crisis 132
3.7 Applications in Extreme Weather Forecast 137
3.7.1 V-3¿¿¿¿ Graphs: A Structural Prediction Method 137
3.7.2 Digitization of Irregular Information 140
3.8 Conclusions 143
References 146
4 Grey System: Thinking, Methods, are Models With Applications 153 Sifeng Liu, Jeffrey Y.L. Forrest, are Yingjie Yang 4.1 Introduction 153
4.1.1 Inception are Growth of Grey System Theory 153
4.1.2 Basics of Grey System 155
4.2 Sequence Operators 157
4.2.1 Buffer Operators 158
4.2.2 Generation of Grey Sequences 160
4.2.3 Exponentiality of Accumulating Generations 162
4.3 Grey Incidence Analysis 163
4.3.1 Grey Incidence Factors are Set of Grey Incidence Operators 163
4.3.2 Degrees of Grey Incidences 164
4.3.3 General Grey Incidence Models 165
4.3.4 Grey Incidence Models Based on Similarity and Nearness 167
4.4 Grey Cluster Evaluation Models 168
4.4.1 Grey Incidence Clustering 169
4.4.2 Grey Variable Weight Clustering 169
4.4.3 Grey Fixed Weight Clustering 171
4.4.4 Grey Evaluation Using Triangular Whitenization Functions 172
4.4.5 Practical Applications 175
4.5 Grey Prediction Models 176
4.5.1 GM(1,1) Model 176
4.5.2 Improvements on GM(1,1) Models 177
4.5.3 Applicable Ranges of GM(1,1) Models 180
4.5.4 Discrete Grey Models 180
4.5.5 GM(r,h) Models 182
4.5.6 Grey System Predictions 188
4.6 Grey Models for Decision-Making 193
4.6.1 Grey Target Decisions 193
4.6.2 Multi-Attribute Intelligent Grey Target Decision Models 201
4.7 Practical Applications 202
4.7.1 To Analyze the Time Difference of Economic Indices 202
4.7.2 the Evaluation of Science are Technology Park 206
4.7.3 To Select the Supplier of Key Components of Large
Commercial Aircrafts 209
4.8 Introduction to the Software of Grey System Modeling 211
4.8.1 Features are Functions 211
4.8.2 Operation Guide 213
Acknowledgments 220
References 222
5 Building Resilience: Naval Expeditionary Command are Control 225 Christopher Nemeth, Thomas Miller, Michael Polidoro, and C. Matthew O'Connor
5.1 Introduction 225
5.2 Expeditionary Operations Command are Control 226
5.2.1 Systems Acquisition 227
5.3 Human-Centered System Development 228
5.3.1 Envisioned World Problem 229
5.3.2 Cognitive Systems Engineering 229
5.3.3 Application: Navy Expeditionary Combat Command 230
5.3.4 Reasonable Scientific Criteria 231
5.4 Discussion 232
5.4.1 Resilience Engineering 232
5.4.2 the Data Hub 234
5.4.3 Implementation Challenges 234
5.4.4 Limitations 234
5.5 Future Work 236
5.5.1 Human Performance Research 236
5.5.2 Transition from Qualitative Research to Design 236
5.5.3 Resilience Engineering 236
5.6 Conclusions 237
Acknowledgments 237
References 237
II Learning are Control 241
6 Advances are Challenges On Intelligent Learning In Control Systems 243 Ching-Chih Tsai, Kao-Shing Hwang, Alan Liu, are Chia-Feng Juang
6.1 Introduction 243
6.2 Reinforcement Learning 245
6.2.1 Reinforcement Learning 245
6.2.2 Q-Learning Algorithm 247
6.2.3 Reinforcement Learning in Robots 249
6.2.4 Soccer Robot Behaviors 250
6.2.5 Concluding Remarks 251
6.3 Bio-Inspired Evolutionary Learning Control 252
6.3.1 Bio-Inspired Evolutionary Learning Control 252
6.3.2 Bio-Inspired Evolutionary Robots 253
6.4 Intelligent Learning Control Using Fuzzy Neural Networks 254
6.4.1 Introduction 254
6.4.2 Intelligent Learning Control Using FNNs 255
6.5 Case-Based Reasoning are Learning 257
6.5.1 Case-Based Reasoning Process 257
6.5.2 Case Design are Reuse 257
6.5.3 Hybrid Learning Method Architectures in CBR 258
6.5.4 Applications in Human-Robot Interaction 259
6.6 Conclusions 260
References 261
7 Adaptive Classifiers For Nonstationary Environments 265 Cesare Alippi, Giacomo Boracchi, Manuel Roveri, Gregory Ditzler, and Robi Polikar
7.1 Introduction 265
7.2 Definition of the Problem 266
7.3 Learning Concept Drifts 268
7.4 Change Detection 272
7.4.1 Change-Detection Tests: A Review 273
7.4.2 Change-Detection Tests in Adaptive Classifiers 276
7.5 Assessing the Performance: Figures of Merit 278
7.5.1 Raw Classification Accuracy 279
7.5.2 Confusion Matrix 279
7.5.3 Geometric Mean 280
7.5.4 Precision are Recall 280
7.5.5 F-measure 281
7.5.6 Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve are Area Under the Curve 281
7.6 Conclusions 282
References 283
8 Modeling, Analysis, Scheduling, are Control of Cluster Tools In Semiconductor Fabrication 289 Nai Qi Wu, Mengchu Zhou, Feng Chu, are Säid Mammar
8.1 Introduction 289
8.2 Cluster Tools are Their Operations 290
8.2.1 Architecture of Cluster Tools 290
8.2.2 Wafer Flow Patterns 291
8.2.3 Operation Requirements 294
8.3 Modeling are Performance Evaluation 295
8.3.1 Analysis Based on Timing Diagram Model 295
8.3.2 Analysis Based on Marked Graph 296
8.3.3 Analysis Based on Resource-Oriented Petri Nets 299
8.3.4 Discussion 302
8.4 Single Cluster Tool Scheduling 302
8.4.1 Scheduling with Wafer Residency Time Constraints 302
8.4.2 Scheduling with Both Wafer Residency Constraints and Activity Time Variation 305
8.4.3 Scheduling with Wafer Revisiting 306
8.4.4 Schedule Implementation 307
8.4.5 Discussion 307
8.5 Scheduling of Multi-cluster Tools 308
8.5.1 Deadlock Control are Scheduling of Track Systems 308
8.5.2 Schedule Optimization 309
8.5.3 Discussion 311
8.6 Conclusions 311
References 311
9 Design, Simulation, are Dynamic Control Of Large-Scale Manufacturing Process With Different Forms of Uncertainties 317 Hyunsoo Lee are Amarnath Banerjee
9.1 Introduction 317
9.1.1 Issues in Design of Large-Scale Manufacturing Processes 318
9.1.2 Simulation Model for Dynamic Control 320
9.2 Background are Literature Review 322
9.3 Different Types of Uncertainties are FCPN-std 327
9.3.1 Definition of FCPN-std 327
9.3.2 Modular Design are Five-Stage Modeling Methodology 329
9.3.3 Simulation Using FCPN-std 332
9.4 Design of Large-Scale Manufacturing Processes 333
9.5 Dynamic Control of Manufacturing Processes 335
9.6 Conclusions 339
References 340
10 Model Identification are Synthesis of Discrete-Event Systems 343 Maria Paola Cabasino, Philippe Darondeau, Maria Pia Fanti, and Carla Seatzu
10.1 Introduction 343
10.2 Background on Finite State Automata are Petri Nets 344
10.2.1 Finite State Automata 344
10.2.2 Petri Nets 346
10.3 Identification are Synthesis of Languages are Finite State Automata 347
10.4 Identification are Synthesis of Petri Nets 349
10.4.1 Synthesis from Graphs 350
10.4.2 Identification are Synthesis from Finite Languages Over T 352
10.4.3 Identification are Synthesis from Finite Languages Over E 355
10.4.4 Related Problems in the PN Framework 360
10.5 Process Mining are Workflow Problems 361
10.6 Conclusions 363
References 363
III Human-Machine Systems Design 367
11 Advances are Challenges In Intelligent Adaptive Interface Design 369 Ming Hou, Haibin Zhu, Mengchu Zhou, are Robert Arrabito
11.1 Introduction 369
11.2 Evolution of Interface Technologies are IAI Concept 372
11.2.1 Evolution of Interface Technologies 373
11.2.2 A Conceptual Framework of IAI Systems 377
11.3 Challenges of IAI Design, Alternative Solutions, are Empirical Investigations 381
11.3.1 Challenges of IAI Design 381
11.3.2 User-Centered Design Approach 382
11.3.3 Agent-Based Interface Design Approaches 383
11.3.4 Analytical Methodologies 385
11.3.5 Empirical Investigations 387
11.4 Multiagent-Based Design are Operator-Agent Interaction 389
11.4.1 AIA Concept 389
11.4.2 Operator-Agent Interaction Model 391
11.4.3 Difference Between Human-Human Interaction, Human-Machine Interaction, are Operator-Agent Interaction 393
11.4.4 Optimization of Operator-Agent Interaction 396
11.5 A Generic IAI System Architecture are AIA Components 397
11.5.1 Generic IAI System Architecture 397
11.5.2 AIA Structure 402
11.5.3 Adaptation Processes 403
11.6 An IAI are AIA Design: Case Study 405
11.6.1 Interface Design Requirements for the Control of Multiple UAVs 406
11.6.2 Issues 407
11.6.3 How the IAI Design Method Was Used 407
11.6.4 Task Network Modeling are Simulation 409
11.6.5 AIA Implementation 411
11.6.6 Human-in-the-Loop Experimentation 413
11.6.7 AIA Evaluation 413
11.6.8 Discussions are Implications 413
11.7 Conclusions 415
Acknowledgments 417
References 417
12 A Complex Adaptive System of Systems Approach to Human-Automation Interaction In Smart Grid 425 Alireza Fereidunian, Hamid Lesani, Mohammad Ali Zamani, Mohamad Amin Sharifi Kolarijani, Negar Hassanpour, are Sina Sharif Mansouri
12.1 Introduction 425
12.2 Complexity in Systems Science are Engineering 426
12.2.1 the Nature of Complexity 426
12.2.2 Complex Systems 429
12.2.3 Complexity Measures 431
12.2.4 Complexity-Related Terms in Literature 433
12.3 Complex Adaptive Systems 436
12.3.1 What are Complex Adaptive Systems? 436
12.3.2 Characteristics of Complex Adaptive Systems 437
12.4 System of Systems 442
12.4.1 Necessity are Definition 442
12.4.2 Characteristics of System of Systems 444
12.4.3 System of Systems Types 448
12.4.4 A Taxonomy of Systems Family 448
12.5 Complex Adaptive System of Systems 453
12.6 Human-Automation Interaction 454
12.6.1 Automation 454
12.6.2 HAI: Where Humans Interact with Automation 455
12.6.3 HAI are Function Allocation 456
12.6.4 Evolution of HAI Models: Dimensions 457
12.6.5 Evolution of HAI Models: Dynamism 458
12.6.6 Adaptive Autonomy Implementation 460
12.7 HAI in Smart Grid as a Casos 462
12.7.1 Smart Grid 462
12.7.2 HAI in Smart Grid as a CAS 465
12.7.3 HAI in Smart Grid as an SoS 467
12.8 Petri Nets for Complex Systems Modeling 467
12.8.1 Definition 468
12.8.2 Graph Representation of Petri Nets 468
12.8.3 Transition Firing 469
12.8.4 Reachability 470
12.8.5 Incidence Matrix are State Equation 470
12.8.6 Inhibitor Arc 470
12.8.7 IF-THEN Rules by Petri Net 470
12.9 Model-Based Implementation of Adaptive Autonomy 471
12.9.1 the Implementation Framework 471
12.9.2 Case Study: Adaptive Autonomy in Smart Grid 472
12.10 Adaptive Autonomy Realization Using Petri Nets 473
12.10.1 Implementation Methodology 473
12.10.2 Realization of AAHPNES 475
12.10.3 Results are Discussions 482
12.11 Conclusions 483
Acknowledgments 485
References 485
13 Virtual Training For Procedural Skills Development: Case Studies are Lessons Learnt 501 Dawei Jia, Asim Bhatti, are Saeid Nahavandi
13.1 Introduction 501
13.2 Related Work 502
13.2.1 Background 502
13.2.2 Human Side of VT System Efficacy-Issues and Concerns 503
13.3 Present Study 505
13.3.1 Motivation are Aims 505
13.3.2 System Architecture are Human-Machine Interface 506
13.3.3 Measures 508
13.4 Case Study 1 509
13.4.1 Method 509
13.4.2 Results 511
13.4.3 Discussion 515
13.5 Case Study 2 516
13.5.1 Method 516
13.5.2 Results 519
13.5.3 Discussion 524
13.6 Lessons Learnt are Future Work 527
13.6.1 Training Design are Method 527
13.6.2 Measurement Methods 528
13.6.3 Prior Experience with a Force-Reflective Haptic Interface 530
13.6.4 Future Work 531
13.7 Conclusions 531
References 532
14 Computer Supported Collaborative Design: Technologies, Systems, are Applications 537 Weiming Shen, Jean-Paul Barthés, are Junzhou Luo
14.1 Introduction 537
14.2 History of Computer Supported Collaborative Design 538
14.2.1 CSCD 538
14.2.2 CSCD Eve: 1980s 539
14.2.3 CSCD Emergence: 1990s 541
14.2.4 CSCD: Today 542
14.3 Methods, Techniques, are Technologies 542
14.3.1 Communication, Coordination, are Cooperation 542
14.3.2 Negotiation are Conflict Resolution 546
14.3.3 Ontology are Semantic Integration 548
14.3.4 Personal Assistance are Human-Machine Interaction 548
14.3.5 Collaborative Workflows 550
14.3.6 Collaborative Virtual Workspaces are Environments 552
14.3.7 New Representation Schemes for Collaborative Design 552
14.3.8 New Visualization Systems for Collaborative Design 553
14.3.9 Product Data Management are Product Lifecycle Management Systems 553
14.3.10 Security are Privacy 554
14.4 Collaborative Design Systems 555
14.4.1 System Architectures 555
14.4.2 Web-Based/Centralized Systems 557
14.4.3 Agent-Based/Distributed Systems 558
14.4.4 Service-Oriented Systems 558
14.4.5 Collaborative Design Over Supply Chain (Virtual Enterprise) 559
14.5 Applications 560
14.6 Research Challenges are Opportunities 561
14.7 Conclusions 564
References 564
15 Support Collaboration With Roles 575 Haibin Zhu, Mengchu Zhou, are Ming Hou
15.1 Introduction 575
15.2 Benefits of Roles in Collaboration 577
15.2.1 Establishing Trust in Collaboration 577
15.2.2 Establishing Dynamics 578
15.2.3 Facilitating Interaction 580
15.2.4 Support Adaptation 582
15.2.5 Information Sharing 583
15.2.6 Other Benefits 585
15.3 Role-Based Collaboration 585
15.4 E-Cargo Model 590
15.5 A Case Study with RBC are E-Cargo 592
15.6 Conclusions 595
References 595
IV Cloud are Service-Oriented Computing 599
16 Control-Based Approaches to Dynamic Resource Management In Cloud Computing 601 Pengcheng Xiong, Calton Pu, Zhikui Wang, are Gueyoung Jung
16.1 Introduction 601
16.1.1 Public Cloud Computing 602
16.1.2 Dynamic Resource Management: Control-Based Approaches 602
16.2 Experimental Setup are Application Models 603
16.2.1 Test Bed are Control Architecture for a Multi-Tier Application 604
16.2.2 System Models for the Application: Open or Closed 606
16.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation Through Utilization Control 607
16.3.1 Design of Experiments 607
16.3.2 Performance of the Application Under Control 608
16.4 Performance Guarantee Through Dynamic Resource Allocation 612
16.5 Conclusions 614
References 615
17 A Petri Net Solution to Protocol-Level Mismatches In Service Composition 619 Pengcheng Xiong, Mengchu Zhou, Calton Pu, are Yushun Fan
17.1 Introduction 619
17.1.1 Interface Mismatches 621
17.1.2 Protocol-Level Mismatches 622
17.2 Modeling Service Interaction with Petri Nets 624
17.2.1 Basic Petri Nets 624
17.2.2 Model Web Service Interaction with C-Net 627
17.3 Protocol-Level Mismatch Analysis 630
17.3.1 Protocol-Level Mismatch Detection 630
17.3.2 Core Algorithm 632
17.3.3 Comprehensive Solution to Protocol-Level Mismatch 634
17.4 Illustrating Examples 636
17.5 Conclusions 638
References 641
18 Service-Oriented Workflow Systems 645 Wei Tan are Mengchu Zhou
18.1 Introduction 645
18.2 Workflow in SOC: State of the Art 647
18.2.1 Languages for Service Composition 647
18.2.2 Automatic Service Composition 649
18.2.3 Mediation-Aided Service Composition 649
18.2.4 Verification of Service Workflows 650
18.2.5 Decentralized Execution of Workflows 651
18.3 Open Issues 652
18.3.1 Social Network Meets Service Computing 652
18.3.2 More Practical are Flexible Service Composition 652
18.3.3 Workflow as a Service 653
18.3.4 Novel Applications 654
18.4 Conclusions 656
References 657
V Sensing, Networking, are Optimization In Robotics are Manufacturing 661
19 Rehabilitation Robotic Prostheses For Upper Extremity 663 Han-Pang Huang, Yi-Hung Liu, Wei-Chen Lee, Jiun-Yih Kuan, and Tzu-Hao Huang
19.1 Introduction 663
19.2 Rehabilitation Robot Arm are Control 664
19.2.1 Mechanism Design 666
19.2.2 Dynamic Model of an Individual Joint 669
19.2.3 LTR-Observer-Based Individual Joint Dynamic Sliding Mode Control with Gravity Compensation 671
19.2.4 Simulation of the NTU Rehabilitation Robot Arm II 676
19.2.5 Experimental Results for the NTU Rehabilitation Robot Arm II 677
19.3 Rehabilitation Robot Hand 678
19.4 Stability of Neuroprosthesis 683
19.4.1 SVDD-Based Target EMG Pattern Estimation 685
19.4.2 Nontarget EMG Pattern Filtering Scheme 686
19.4.3 Illustrative Example 688
19.5 Conclusions 691
References 692
20 Accelerometer-Based Body Sensor Network (Bsn) For Medical Diagnosis Assessment are Training 699 Ming-Yih Lee, Kin Fong Lei, Wen-Yen Lin, Wann-Yun Shieh, Wen-Wei Tsai, Simon H. Fu, are Chung-Hsien Kuo
20.1 Introduction 699
20.2 Body Sensor Network 700
20.3 Information Retrieved from Accelerometer 702
20.4 Recent Advances in Accelerometer-Based BSN 703
20.4.1 Tilting Angle Identification 703
20.4.2 Muscle Strength Identification 706
20.4.3 Gait Performance Identification 708
20.5 Applications of Accelerometer-Based BSN for Rehabilitation 711
20.5.1 Human Stability Evaluation System 711
20.5.2 Postural Stability Evaluation for Stroke Patients 712
20.5.3 Postural Stability Training for Stroke Patients 713
20.6 BSN Simulation System 715
20.7 Conclusions 718
References 719
21 Telepresence Robots For Medical are Homecare Applications 725 Jun-Ming Lu are Yeh-Liang Hsu
21.1 Introduction 725
21.2 Surgery, Diagnosis, are Consultation 727
21.3 Rehabilitation are Therapy 728
21.4 Monitoring are Assistance 728
21.5 Communication 729
21.6 Key Factors Contributing to the Success of Telepresence Robots 729
21.6.1 Robot Factors of Acceptance 729
21.6.2 Human Factors of Acceptance 731
21.6.3 Summary 732
21.7 Conclusions 732
References 732
22 Advances In Climbing Robots 737 Jizhong Xiao are Hongguang Wang
22.1 Introduction 737
22.2 Technologies for Adhering to Surfaces 738
22.2.1 Magnetic Adhesion 739
22.2.2 Vacuum Suction Techniques 740
22.2.3 Aerodynamic Attraction 744
22.2.4 Grasping Grippers 748
22.2.5 Bio-Mimetic Approaches Inspired by Climbing Animals 749
22.2.6 Emerging Technologies for Climbing Robots 753
22.3 Locomotion Techniques of Climbing Robots 755
22.4 Conclusions 759
Acknowledgment 760
References 760
23 Data Processing In Current 3D Robotic Perception Systems 767 Cang YE
23.1 Introduction 767
23.1.1 Stereovision 767
23.1.2 LIDAR 769
23.1.3 Flash LIDAR Camera (FLC) 770
23.2 An LIDAR-Based Terrain Mapping are Navigation System 771
23.2.1 Overview of the Mapping are Navigation System 772
23.2.2 Terrain Mapping 773
23.2.3 Terrain Traversability Analysis 776
23.2.4 PTI Histogram for Path Planning 777
23.2.5 Experimental Results 779
23.3 FLC-Based Systems 781
23.3.1 VR-Odometry 782
23.3.2 Three-Dimensional Data Segmentation 787
23.4 Conclusions 791
Acknowledgments 792
References 792
24 Hybrid/Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing: The State-Of-The-Art 795 Claudia P. Arenas Guerrero, Feng Ju, Jingshan Li, Guoxian Xiao, and Stephan Biller
24.1 Introduction 795
24.2 Vehicle Battery Requirements 796
24.3 Hybrid, Plug-In Hybrid, are Electric Vehicle 797
24.3.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 797
24.3.2 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle 797
24.3.3 Electric Vehicle 798
24.4 Battery Technology Development 798
24.5 Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery 799
24.5.1 NiMH Battery Manufacturing 800
24.5.2 NiMH Batteries in Commercial Vehicles 800
24.5.3 Cost 801
24.5.4 Recycling 801
24.6 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery 802
24.6.1 Lithium Technology 802
24.6.2 Manufacturing Processes 803
24.6.3 Li-Ion Batteries in Commercial Vehicles 807
24.6.4 Safety 808
24.6.5 Cost 809
24.6.6 Environmental Issues 809
24.6.7 Recycling 809
24.7 Challenges 810
24.8 Conclusions 812
References 812
25 Recent Advances are Issues In Facility Location Problems 817 Feng Chu, Zhanguo Zhu, are Saïid Mammar
25.1 Introduction 817
25.2 A Capacitated Plant Location Problem with Multicommodity Flow 819
25.2.1 Problem Description 819
25.2.2 Problem Formulation 819
25.3 A Multitype Transshipment Point Location Problem with Multicommodity Flow 821
25.3.1 Problem Description 821
25.3.2 Problem Formulation 822
25.4 A Large Scale New Variant of Capacitated Clustering Problem 824
25.4.1 Problem Description 824
25.4.2 Problem Formulation 825
25.5 A Location Problem with Selective Matching are Vehicles Assignment 826
25.5.1 Problem Description 826
25.5.2 Problem Formulation 826
25.6 Competitive Facility Location are Design with Reactions of Competitors Already in the Market 828
25.6.1 Problem Description 829
25.6.2 Problem Formulation 829
25.7 Conclusions are Future Research Directions 831
References 832
Index 835
