
Software Engineering and Computer Systems, Part III
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Content
- Title
- Preface
- Organization
- Table of Contents
- Software Design/Testing
- Practical Adoptions of T-Way Strategies for Interaction Testing
- Introduction
- Fundamental of T-Way Strategies
- Running Example
- Uniform Strength T-Way Interaction
- Variable Strength T-Way Interaction
- Input Output Relation Based Interaction
- Observation and Issues
- Related Works
- Analysis of Related Works
- Conclusion
- References
- On the Relationship between Proof Writing and Programming: Some Conclusions for Teaching Future Software Developers
- Motivation
- The SECI Model
- Programming and Proving
- Suggestions for Teaching
- Conclusion
- References
- Model-Based Web Components Testing: A Prioritization Approach
- Introduction
- Comparison and Categorization Criteria
- Critical Survey
- Model Checking-Based Verification of Web Application
- Testing Web Applications by Modeling with FSMs
- An Object-Oriented Web Test Model for Testing Web Applications
- Formal Verification of Web Applications Modeled by Communicating Automata
- Verifying Interactive Web Programs
- Web Site Analysis: Structure and Evolution
- Summary
- Components Testing Prioritization
- Minimum Independent Dominating Set Method (MIDSM)
- The Degree Measure Method (DMM)
- Betweeness Measure Method (BMM)
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Web Interactive Multimedia Technology: State of the Art
- Introduction
- Motivation
- Glossary of Terms
- State of the Art
- Blended Environment
- Text-Based
- Audio-Based
- Video-Based
- Audio-Video-Based
- Complex-Based WIMT
- The Problems
- The Method
- The Case Study
- The Findings
- Case Study 1: Piloting Elluminate in a University - Academic Developer
- Case Study 2: Exploring Elluminate in a University - Academic Lecturer
- Technological Opportunities and Challenges
- Conclusion
- References
- Health Architecture Based on SOA and Mobile Agents
- Introduction
- Background
- Mobile Agent Health Architecture
- Architecture Components
- Authority Application Programming Interface
- Mobile Agent Platform
- Registration and Activation
- Routing Services
- Communication
- Mapping
- Evaluating the Mobile Agent Health Architecture
- Conclusions and Future Work
- References
- Metrics Based Variability Assessment of Code Assets
- Introduction
- Software Variability
- Measurements in Software Engineering
- Research Methodology
- Proposed Metrics
- Validation of Proposed Metrics
- Results
- Discussions
- Conclusions
- References
- Test Data Generation for Event-B Models Using Genetic Algorithms
- Introduction
- Formal Modeling with Event-B
- Case Studies
- Test Data Generation for Event-B Models Using Genetic Algorithms
- Genetic Algorithms
- Chromosome Encodings
- Fitness Function
- Experiments
- Final Discussion
- References
- A Parallel Tree Based Strategy for T-Way Combinatorial Interaction Testing
- Introduction
- Related Work
- The Proposed Strategy
- Empirical Results
- Conclusion
- References
- PS2Way: An Efficient Pairwise Search Approach for Test Data Generation
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Proposed PS2Way Strategy
- Emperical Results
- Conclusion
- References
- The Preferable Test Documentation Using IEEE 829
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- IEEE 829[8]
- Related Works
- Data Benchmark
- Analysis of Software Test Documentation
- Conclusion
- References
- Automatic Analysis of Static Execution Time for Complex Loop Contained External Input
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Static WCET Analysis
- Abstract Interpretation
- Method Detail
- Control Flow and Structure Analysis
- Abstract Interpretation
- Loop Bound Analysis
- Evaluation
- Conclusion
- References
- Software Reuse: MDA-Based Ontology Development to Support Data Access over Legacy Applications
- Introduction
- Rationale for an MDA-Based Ontological Approach
- Preliminaries
- Ontology Definition in Semantic Web Context
- MDA-Based Ontology Infrastructure
- Model Transformation
- Our Proposed Framework
- Generating UML Model
- Generating Ontology from UML Model
- Enriching the Generated Ontology
- Ontology-Based Data Access
- Conclusion
- References
- A Framework to Assure the Quality of Sanity Check Process
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Proposed Frame Work
- Sanity Check Phase
- Sanity Check Plan
- Sanity Check Document
- Functional Requirement Identification
- Other Phases of Framework
- Conclusion
- References
- Scalability of Database Bulk Insertion with Multi-threading
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Methodology
- Environment Settings of the Experiment
- The Overview of the Experiment Process
- Results and Discussion
- SQL Server 2008
- MySQL 5.2
- System Utilization
- Conclusion
- References
- Towards Unit Testing of User Interface Code for Android Mobile Applications
- Introduction
- Background and Related Work
- Testing Methodologies
- Suggested Testing Approach
- Example Application
- Standard Environment Approach
- Robolectric Approach
- Results and Discussion
- Automated Software Testing Categories
- Results
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Security Modeling of SOA System Using Security Intent DSL
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Literature Study
- Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
- Web Services (WS)
- Business Process Modeling
- Model Drive Architecture (MDA) and Model Driven Security (MDS)
- Organizational Security Goals
- Security Objectives in Related Work
- Extending a Modeling Language According to a Particular Domain: Domain Specific Language (DSL)
- Proposed Domain Specific Language
- Abstract Syntax
- Concrete Syntax
- Case Study
- Business Scenario
- Stakeholders
- Security Requirements of the System
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- An Input-Driven Approach to Generate Class Diagram and Its Empirical Evaluation
- Introduction
- Motivation
- Research Methodology
- Case Study: ATM
- The Proposed Approach
- Identifying Classes and Attributes
- Identifying Relationships
- Suggested Refinement Process
- Experimental Design and Setup
- Results and Discussion
- Analysis of Results and Conclusion
- Threats to Validity
- Conclusion
- References
- Understanding Motivators and De-motivators for Software Engineers - A Case of Malaysian Software Engineering Industry
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Motivational Theories and Software Engineering
- Motivators for Software Engineers
- De-motivators for Software Engineers
- Research Methodology
- Results and Analysis
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- UML Diagram for Design Patterns
- Introduction
- UML and Design Pattern Background
- Placing This Paper into the Background
- Groups of GoF's Design Patterns
- Plain Single Family (PSF)
- Managed Single Family (MSF)
- Single Intra-Family Collaboration (SIFC)
- Two Family Collaboration (TFC)
- Family Optional (FO)
- Object Builder (OB)
- Looping Strategy (LS)
- Dedicated Design Pattern Diagram
- Conversion Rules
- Layout Scheme
- Examples
- Iterable Composite
- Conversion of Dong's Example [5]
- Adaptor with Strategy
- Singleton
- Conclusion
- MOF Definition
- What This Work Is NOT
- References
- Towards Natural Interaction with Wheelchair Using Nintendo Wiimote Controller
- Introduction
- Motivation and Related Work
- Introducing the Design Principles
- Existing System
- The Controller Box
- The Joystick
- The Buttons
- LEDs
- Proposed System Using Wiimote
- Comparison of Physical-Logical Mappings
- Analysing the Design Principles
- Exposed State
- Hidden State
- Directness of Effect
- Locality of Effect
- Bounce Back
- Physical Requirement
- Mental Requirement
- Discussion and Conclusion
- References
- Meta-model Validation of Integrated MARTE and Component-Based Methodology Component Model for Embedded Real-Time Software
- Introduction
- Motivation
- Validation Methodology
- Validation Results
- Conclusions
- References
- Abstract Formal Framework for Method Overriding
- Introduction
- Related Works
- Abstract Formal Framework
- Semantics of Method Overriding, mod(L$_s$)
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- Parametric Software Metric
- Introduction
- Related Works
- Software Metric
- Parameter-Based Analysis
- Parametric Software Metric
- Organize Items of Parametric Software Metric
- Make a Formula of Parametric Software Metric
- Demonstration of Parametric Software Metric
- Characteristic of Parametric Software Metric
- Conclusion
- References
- E- Technology
- Automatic Recognition of Document Structure from PDF Files
- Introduction
- Related Works
- Proposed Approach
- Tokenizing
- Estimating Distance
- Clustering
- Structure Detection
- Association
- Experimental Setup and Implementation
- Results and Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- Comparative Evaluation of Semantic Web Service Composition Approaches
- Introduction
- Semantic Web Service Composition Approaches
- Non-QoS-Based Approaches
- QoS-Based Approaches
- Comparative Evaluation
- Comparative Evaluation Remarks
- Conclusion
- References
- Ontology Development for Programming Related Materials
- Introduction
- Related Works
- Methodology
- Result and Discussion
- Result from Pre-Survey
- Data Gathering Result
- Conclusion
- References
- User-Centered Evaluation for IR: Ranking Annotated Document Algorithms
- Introduction
- Information Retrieval
- Semantic Web
- User-Centered Evaluation: Human Ranking
- Evaluation
- Conclusion
- References
- Ad Hoc Networks
- Efficient Wireless Communications Schemes for Machine to Machine Communications
- Introduction
- System Description
- Performance Evalation
- Performance Comparison
- Performance Analysis
- Performance of Timer Based Group Formation Scheme
- Conclusion
- References
- Efficient Data Transmission Scheme for Ubiquitous Healthcare Using Wireless Body Area Networks
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Proposed Scheme
- System Architecture
- Application Scenario
- Data Classification
- Data Transmission
- Performance Evaluation
- Conclusion and Future Works
- References
- An Algorithm to Detect Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Design of Algorithm
- Proposed Algorithm
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Integrated Solution Scheme with One-Time Key Diameter Message Authentication Framework for Proxy Mobile IPv6
- Introduction
- Related Works
- One Time Password
- One-Time Key Generation
- Proposed Authentication Method for Proxy Mobile IPv6
- Mobile Host-Identifier (MH-Identifier)
- Interfacing between MH and MAG
- Interfacing between MAG and LMA/HA
- Interfacing between LMA/HA and AAA/Policy server
- Sequences of Authentication Protocol
- Security and Performance Analysis
- Key Exposure
- Replay Attack
- Conclusion
- References
- A Collaborative Intrusion Detection System against DDoS Attack in Peer to Peer Network
- Introduction
- Review of Litareture
- Immune System
- Artificial Immune System
- Apparent Features of Adaptive Immunity Responses
- The Proposed Intrusion Detection System
- Intrusion Detection System
- Peer to Peer Network
- Artificial Immune Algorithm
- Simulation Study
- Simulation Data Preliminaries
- Simulation Results Analysis
- Conclusion
- References
- Impact of Safety Beacons on the Performance of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Research Methodology
- Tunable Parameters
- Evaluation Metrics
- Simulation Setup
- Traffic Scenario
- Simulation Settings
- Results and Analysis
- Per-node Throughput Results
- End-to-end Delay (e2e delay) Results
- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) Results:
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Analysis of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Applications
- Introduction
- Vehicular Network Applications
- Safety Applications
- User Applications
- Communication Requirements of Vehicular Applications
- Application-Based Classification of Routing Protocols
- Unicast Routing Protocols
- Multicast Routing Protocols
- Conclusions
- References
- Comparative Study on the Performance of TFRC over AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols
- Introduction
- Background and Related Work
- Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
- Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV)
- TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC)
- Simulation and Performance Metrics
- Simulation Scenarios and Parameters
- Performance Metrics
- Experiments Results
- Scenario without Background Traffic
- Scenario with Background Traffic
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- An Enhanced Route Discovery Mechanism for AODV Routing Protocol
- Introduction
- Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
- Route Discovery Process
- Black Hole Attack
- Related Works in Detecting Black Hole Attack
- ERDA: The Proposed Solution for Black Hole Attack
- Securing the Routing Table Update
- Detecting and Isolating the Malicious Node
- Conclusions and Future Work
- References
- Fast Handover Technique for Efficient IPv6 Mobility Support in Heterogeneous Networks
- Introduction
- Related Work
- FMIPv6
- Media Independent Handover Services
- Integration of FMIPv6 and IEEE 802.21
- Improved DAD
- Proposed Method
- Method Descriptions
- Method Operation
- Conclusions
- References
- Using Dendritic Cell Algorithm to Detect the Resource Consumption Attack over MANET
- Introduction
- AIS Intrusion Detection Algorithms and Frameworks Overview
- Related Works
- Dendritic Cell Algorithm
- Artificial Immune Systems and MANET
- Mobile Ad Hoc Network Overview
- The Analogy between MANET and the Innate Immunity Framework
- AODV and Its Vulnerability to Resource Consumption Attack
- AODV Routing Protocol
- Resource Consumption Attack over AODV
- Using DCA to Detect the Resource Consumption Attack
- The Proposed System Architecture
- Antigens
- Signals
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Social Networks
- Modeling, Analysis, and Characterization of Dubai Financial Market as a Social Network
- Introduction
- Background and Related Work
- Stock Market
- Cycles
- Parameters
- Entropy and Cycles
- Dubai Financial Market
- Network Modeling and Characterization
- Experimental Work and Results
- Cycles and Entropy Calculation
- Degree-Based Parameters Calculation
- Conclusion
- Future Work
- References
- Secret-Eye: A Tool to Quantify User's Emotion and Discussion Issues through a Web-Based Forum
- Introduction
- Quantifying Perception
- Secret-Eye Work Flow
- Extraction
- Quantification
- Results and Analysis
- Conclusion
- References
- Software Process Modeling
- A Concurrent Coloured Petri Nets Model for Solving Binary Search Problem on a Multicore Architecture
- Introduction
- Background
- Problem Statement
- Research Methodology
- High-Level Scheduling Phase
- Core Scheduling Phase
- A Proposed Concurrent Multithreaded Scheduling Model for Solving Binary Search Problem
- The Binary Search Coordinator Model
- The Binary Search Core Model
- Building the CPN Binary Search Model Elements
- The Results of Simulation
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- An Approach for Source Code Classification Using Software Metrics and Fuzzy Logic to Improve Code Quality with Refactoring Techniques
- Introduction
- Knowledge Background and Related Works
- Design Principle and Source Code Classification
- Software Metrics
- Fuzzy Logic
- Our Approach
- Code Definition with Metric Measurement and Evaluation
- Source Code Classification Method with Fuzzy Logic
- Source Code Improvement with Refactoring
- Verification and Conclusion Process
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Balanced Hierarchical Method of Collision Detection in Virtual Environment
- Introduction
- Previous Work
- Bounding-Volume Hierarchies
- Bounding Volume
- Our Algorithm
- Implementation and Result Discussion
- Tree Construction Time Test for Fixed Balanced Level of Spatial Median
- Tree Construction Time Test For Fixed Balanced Level of SOMS
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- An Aspect Oriented Component Based Model Driven Development
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Component Identification Techniques
- Component Based Model Driven Development
- UML Profiles [7][9]
- Integration of Aspects with Model Driven Development
- Proposed Methodology
- Investigation Phase
- Modeling Phase
- Component Identification Phase
- Artifact Generation Phase
- Integration Phase
- Case Study Implementation: Online Web-Forums
- Tools Used
- UML Diagrams
- Generated Code
- Results and Significance
- Conclusion
- References
- Application of 80/20 Rule in Software Engineering Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
- Introduction
- Literature Review and Related Work
- Research Implementation
- Results and Discussions
- Conclusion
- Case Studies and Future Work
- References
- Development of a Framework for Applying ASYCUDA System with N-Tier Application Architecture
- Introduction
- N-Tier Architecture
- Three-Tier Architecture
- Four-Tier Architecture
- Five-Tier Architecture
- Applying ASYCUDA with N-Tier Architecture
- Proposed Framework
- Proposed Framework Evaluation
- Results
- References
- An Experimental Design to Exercise Negotiation in Requirements Engineering
- Introduction
- Negotiation in Requirements Engineering
- The Proposed Framework of Negotiation Process
- High-Level Model of Negotiation Process
- The Underlying Concept
- Related Works
- The Framework Validation
- The Experimental Design
- Experimental Subjects
- Experiment Procedures
- Threats to Validity
- Conclusion
- References
- A Study of Tracing and Writing Performance of Novice Students in Introductory Programming
- Introduction
- Programming and Program Comprehension Process
- Survey Design and Methodology
- Participants
- Material and Task
- Procedure
- Performance and Data Analysis
- Analysis of Tracing Ability Score
- Analysis of Writing-Code Ability Score
- Discussion
- Ability to Trace the Lower-Level Abstraction
- Inability to Construct the Higher-Level Abstraction
- The Need for Multi-representation of Program
- Proposed of Multi-representation Model
- Conclusion
- References
- A Review of Prominent Work on Agile Processes Software Process Improvement and Process Tailoring Practices
- Introduction
- Agile Methodologies - A paradigm Shift
- Process Improvement - Part of Process Management
- Software Process Tailoring - An Emerging Practice
- Conclusion
- References
- An Evaluation Model for Software Reuse Processes
- Introduction
- Reusable Software Component Framework
- The Evaluation Model
- Software Products
- Assets Repository
- Assets Used in Software Reuse
- Reuse Operations
- Software Reuse Scenarios
- Develop-for-Reuse (DFR)
- Develop-by-Reuse (DBR)
- Discussion and Implication
- Conclusion
- References
- Achieving Effective Communication during Requirements Elicitation - A Conceptual Framework
- Introduction
- Related Work
- The Framework
- People
- Process
- Product
- Applying the Framework
- Conclusions and Future Work
- References
- Investigating the Effect of Aspect-Oriented Refactoring on Software Maintainability
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Software Maintainability Assessment
- Aspect-Oriented Metrics
- Selected AO Refactoring
- AOR within Aspects
- AOR between Aspects
- Research Method
- Data Collection
- Software Systems Background
- Affects of AOR on the Software Quality Attributes
- AOR Effects on AO Metrics
- Effects of AOR on the Software Maintainability
- Discussion
- Summary of the Results
- Threats to Validity
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- On the Modelling of Adaptive Hypermedia Systems Using Agents for Courses with the Competency Approach
- Introduction
- Adaptive Hypermedia System
- User Model
- Competency Model
- Multi-agent Model
- Adaptive Hypermedia System Using Agents with the Competency Approach
- Case Study
- Applications of Adaptive Hypermedia in Education
- Design and Implementation
- Conclusions
- References
- Toward a Methodological Knowledge for Service- Oriented Development Based on OPEN Meta-Model
- Introduction
- Overview
- Situational Method Engineering
- OPEN Process Framework
- Discussion
- Future Work
- References
- Conceptual Framework for Formalizing Multi-Agent Systems
- Introduction
- The Need for Formalization
- Formalization Requirements
- Formal Notations ( Z Notation)
- Formal System of MAS
- Multi-Agent System Concept
- MAS-Environment
- Conclusion
- References
- Miscellaneous Topics in Software Engineering and Computer Systems
- Mining Optimal Utility Incorporated Sequential Pattern from RFID Data Warehouse Using Genetic Algorithm
- Introduction
- Related Works
- Genetic Algorithm (GA)
- An Efficient Data Mining System Based on GA
- Optimization of Sequential Patterns Based on Their Utility
- Results and Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- SYEDWSIM: A Web Based Simulator for Grid Workload Analysis
- Introduction
- Related Research
- Design and Development of Web Based Simulator
- CV2DChartPanel.Java
- CVApplet.Java
- CVToolBar.Java
- Dataset.Java
- Package edu.emory.mathcs.jtransforms.fft
- Package info.monitorenter.gui.chart
- Package org.apache.commons.math
- GUI of SyedWSim
- Practical Application of Statistical Theory
- Statistical Analysis of Workloads Using SyedWSim
- Users Characteristics
- Groups Characteristics
- Grid Jobs Characteristics
- Conclusion
- References
- F-IDS: A Technique for Simplifying Evidence Collection in Network Forensics
- Introduction
- Background
- Proposed Framework
- Simulation
- Conclusion
- References
- Deterministic-Rule Programs on Specialization Systems: Clause-Model Semantics
- Introduction
- D-Rules by Examples
- Built-In Atoms, Built-In Evaluators, and User-Defined Atoms
- Simple D-Rules
- D-Rules with Applicability Conditions
- D-Rules with Recursive Applicability Conditions
- Passing Values through Applicability Conditions
- State-Transition Procedures and Their Operational Semantics: A General Framework
- A Basic Structure of D-Rule Program Semantics
- Computations and State-Transition Procedures
- Operational Semantics
- Computed Answers
- D-Rule Programs on Specialization Systems
- Specialization Systems
- D-Rule Programs on Specialization Systems
- Clause-Model Semantics
- Clause-Model States
- Clause-Model Semantics
- Conclusions
- References
- A Novel Replica Replacement Strategy for Data Grid Environment
- Introduction
- Related Works
- The proposed Model
- File Evaluation Stage
- File Elimination Stage
- Simulation Setup
- Simulation Results
- Conclusion
- References
- Investigate Spectrum-Sliced WDM System for FTTH Network
- Introduction
- System Architecture
- Network Simulation
- Results and Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- Use Case-Based Effort Estimation Approaches: A Comparison Criteria
- Introduction
- Use Case-Based Effort Estimation
- Use Case-Based Metrics
- Framework for Comparison
- Comparison between the Metrics
- Accuracy
- Ease of Use
- Use Case Detail Considerations
- Factor Inclusion
- Adaptability
- Handling Imprecision and Uncertainty
- Sensitivity
- Appropriate Use of Productivity Factor
- Artifacts Considered
- Empirical Validations
- Analysis
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- An Agent-Based Autonomous Controller for Traffic Management
- Introduction
- Related Work
- The ABAC Traffic Management Architecture
- Environmental Components
- Observer
- Knowledge Base
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Comparative Evaluation of Performance Assessment and Modeling Method for Software Architecture
- Introduction
- Method for Performance Assessment and Modeling
- Performance Assessment of Software Architecture (PASA)
- Continuous Performance Assessment of Software Architecture (CPASA)
- Performance Refinement and Evolution Model (PREM)
- Performance by Unified Model Anaysis (PUMA)
- Evaluation Criteria
- Analysis Results of Comparative Evaluation
- The Process Related Criteria
- The Modeling Related Criteria
- Discussion
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- A New Approach Based on Honeybee to Improve Intrusion Detection System Using Neural Network and Bees Algorithm
- Introduction
- Background
- Security Aspects of Honeybee in Nature
- Neural Network
- Bees Algorithm
- System Architecture and Design
- Undesirable-Absent (UA) Method
- Desirable-Present (DP) Method
- Filtering-Decision (FD)
- Evaluation Criteria
- Experimental Result
- Comparison with Related Approaches
- Conclusion
- References
- Multi-classifier Scheme with Low-Level Visual Feature for Adult Image Classification
- Introduction
- Related Works
- Proposed Scheme
- Image Files
- Feature Extraction
- Preprocessing
- Multi-classifier
- Simulation and Result
- Dataset
- Experimental Result
- Evaluation of Results
- Conclusion
- References
- Managing Communications Challenges in Requirement Elicitation
- Introduction
- Communication Model
- Communication Process and Activity in Requirements Elicitation
- Managing Communication during Requirement Elicitation in Malaysia
- Research Approach
- Challenges
- Proposed Intervention for Managing the Challenges
- Conclusion
- References
- Learning Efficiency Improvement of Back Propagation Algorithm by Adaptively Changing Gain Parameter together with Momentum and Learning Rate
- Introduction
- The Effect of Using Activation Function with Adaptive Gain Parameter together with Momentum Coefficient and Learning Rate on the Performance of Back Propagation Algorithm
- The Proposed Algorithm
- Results and Discussions
- Glass Classification Problem
- Soybean Classification Problem
- Breast Cancer Classification Problem
- Conclusions
- References
- Author Index
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