
Introduction to Investor-State Arbitration
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In the course of acquainting the reader with the basic legal concepts and policies of the regime, the authors address such issues as the following:
- consent to jurisdiction;
- State responsibility;
- possible conflict of interests;
- mechanisms for reviewing an award;
- damages and costs; and
- enforcement.
The book examines a number of arbitration procedures arising from various perspectives with differing underlying assumptions while highlighting important cases.
Given that investor-State arbitration is now under the public watch and facing many challenges, this remarkably clear and concise overview of the regime will prove to be of great value to in-house counsel and other practitioners, as well as to government policymakers and students.x`
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Content
- Intro
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Foreword
- List of Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- Chapter 1: Introduction to Investor-State Arbitration
- §1.01 Introduction
- §1.02 Institutional Arbitration Versus Ad Hoc Arbitration
- [A] Institutional Arbitration
- [B] Ad Hoc Arbitration
- §1.03 International Commercial Arbitration Versus Investor-State Arbitration
- §1.04 Brief Overview of Sources of Investment Law
- [A] International Law
- [B] Investment Contracts
- [C] Foreign Investment Laws
- Chapter 2: Investment and Investor
- §2.01 Introduction
- §2.02 The Concept of Investment
- [A] The Absence of a Uniform Definition of the Concept of 'Investment' in Legal Instruments
- [1] The Absence of a Definition under Article 25 of the ICSID Convention
- [2] The Definitions in Other Multilateral Treaties
- [a] NAFTA
- [b] The Energy Charter Treaty
- [3] The Various Definitions in Bilateral Treaties
- [B] The Investment in Arbitration Jurisprudence
- [1] The ICSID Jurisprudence
- [a] The Objective Approach
- [b] The Subjective Approach
- [2] The Jurisprudence of Non-ICSID Tribunals
- §2.03 The Protected Investor
- [A] Natural Persons
- [B] Legal or Juridical Persons
- [C] Date of Nationality
- [1] Jurisdiction Ratione Temporis
- [2] Changes in Investor Nationality
- §2.04 Conclusion
- Questions
- Chapter 3: Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal
- §3.01 Introduction
- §3.02 Consent
- [A] Modalities for Expressing Consent
- [1] Agreement Between the Host State and the Investor
- [2] Consent to Arbitration Contained in Host State Legislation
- [3] Consent Through Bilateral or Multilateral Investment Treaties
- [4] Exclusive Choice-of-Forum Clause
- [5] Consent of Constituent Subdivisions or Agencies of the State
- [B] The Moment When Consent Becomes Perfected and Irrevocable
- §3.03 Preconditions to Arbitration
- [A] Cooling-Off Period
- [B] Exhaustion of Local Remedies
- [1] The Principle
- [2] Bypassing the Exhaustion of Local Remedies Requirement Based on Futility Exception
- [C] The Application of MFN Provisions to Jurisdiction
- [D] Procedural, Jurisdictional or Admissibility Nature of the Preconditions to Arbitration
- §3.04 The Scope of Consent to Jurisdiction
- [A] Breaches of Treaty and Breaches of Contract
- [B] Umbrella Clause
- §3.05 Parallel Proceedings
- [A] Fork-in-the-Road
- [B] Waiver
- [C] Res Judicata and Lis Pendens
- §3.06 Conclusion
- Questions
- Chapter 4: Commencing the Arbitration
- §4.01 Introduction
- §4.02 Forum Selection
- [A] National Courts
- [B] Ad Hoc Arbitration
- [C] Institutional Arbitration
- [1] International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
- [a] The Centre
- [b] ICSID Additional Facility Rules
- §4.03 Applicable Law
- [A] Procedural Law
- [1] Party Autonomy
- [2] Lex Arbitri
- [B] Substantive Law
- [1] Determination by the Parties
- [2] The Arbitrator's Role
- [3] Complementary Function of Municipal and International Laws
- §4.04 Constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal
- [A] Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators
- [1] Nature of Independence and Impartiality
- [2] Textual Sources
- [B] Duty to Disclose
- [1] Burden on the Arbitrator
- [2] Scope of Disclosure
- [a] Arbitrator's Relationship with a Party or Parties
- [b] Arbitrator's Relationship with an Entity Linked to a Party
- [c] Arbitrator's Relationship with Counsel or an Entity Linked to Counsel
- [d] Arbitrator's Relationship with a State
- [e] Arbitrator's Role in a Related Matter
- [3] Institutional Guidelines
- [a] IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration
- [b] New ICC Guidance Note for the Disclosure of Conflicts by Arbitrators
- [4] Institutional Disclosure Procedures
- [5] Flexibility after Disclosure
- [C] Challenges to Arbitrators
- [1] ICSID Grounds for Disqualification
- [a] Procedure
- [b] Applicable Legal Standard
- [2] Confirmation and Challenge of an Arbitrator under the ICC Arbitration Rules
- [a] Confirmation
- [b] Challenges
- [c] Replacement
- §4.05 Conclusion
- Questions
- Chapter 5: Expropriation
- §5.01 Introduction
- §5.02 Definition of Expropriation
- [A] Nationalization
- [B] Direct and Indirect Expropriation
- [1] Direct Expropriation
- [2] Indirect Expropriation
- [a] 'Sole Effects' Doctrine
- [b] Investor's Legitimate Expectations
- [c] Police Powers Doctrine
- [d] Substantial Deprivation Test
- [e] Proportionality
- §5.03 Lawfulness of Expropriation
- [A] Public Purpose or Interest
- [B] Due Process
- [C] Non-discriminatory Nature
- [D] Compensation
- §5.04 Conclusion
- Questions
- Chapter 6: Standards of Protection
- §6.01 Introduction
- §6.02 Fair and Equitable Treatment
- [A] Examples of FET Clauses
- [B] FET as Developed by Reference to the Minimum Standard of Treatment
- [C] Examples of Minimum Standard of Treatment Clauses
- [D] FET as Developed by Arbitral Tribunals
- [1] Denial of Justice and Due Process
- [2] Manifest Arbitrariness in Decision-Making and Discrimination
- [3] Abusive Treatment of Investors, Including Coercion, Duress and Harassment
- [4] Investors' Legitimate Expectations
- [5] Balance Between Investors' Legitimate Expectations and Reasonable Regulatory Actions of the Host State
- §6.03 Full Protection and Security
- [A] The Extent of the FPS Provision
- §6.04 Most-Favored-Nation
- [A] Historical Background of the Development of the MFN Clause and Its Current Relevance
- [B] Examples of MFN Clauses
- [C] A Few Cases Dealing with MFN Clauses
- [1] Maffezini v. Spain
- [2] Siemens v. Argentina
- [3] Salini v. Jordan
- [4] Plama v. Bulgaria
- §6.05 National Treatment
- [A] Examples of NT Clauses
- [B] 'Like Circumstances'
- [C] 'Comparable'
- [D] 'Like Situation'
- [E] Discriminatory
- §6.06 Conclusion
- Questions
- Chapter 7: General Defenses on the Merits
- §7.01 Defenses
- §7.02 Force Majeure
- §7.03 The State of Necessity
- [A] Necessity under Customary International Law
- [B] State of Necessity under Treaty Clauses
- [C] ICSID Jurisprudence on Necessity
- §7.04 Self-defense or National Security Defense
- §7.05 Distress
- §7.06 Corruption
- §7.07 Lack of Good Faith
- §7.08 Conclusion
- Questions
- Chapter 8: Evidence, Burden of Proof and Document Production
- §8.01 Introduction
- §8.02 General Differences Between the Common Law and Civil Law Approach on Evidence
- [A] Oral or Documentary Evidence?
- [B] Who Can Be Witnesses?
- [C] Is Hearsay Evidence Admissible?
- §8.03 Guiding Provisions on Evidence and Their Application by International Tribunals
- [A] Party Autonomy
- [B] 2010 IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence
- [C] Additional Guidelines: ICSID, UNCITRAL, ICC, LCIA and ICDR
- [D] Obligation to Act in Good Faith
- §8.04 Burden and Standard of Proof
- [A] Burden of Proof: Who Must Produce Evidence?
- [B] Standard of Proof: How Much Evidence Must Be Produced?
- [1] Standards of Proof as Applied by Arbitral Tribunals
- §8.05 Forms of Evidence Admissible in Investor-State Arbitration
- [A] Documentary Evidence
- [B] Document Production
- [1] IBA Rules Concerning Document Requests
- [2] IBA Rules, Article 9 on Admissibility and Assessment of Evidence
- [3] Article 9(2)(b), (3): Privilege
- [4] Additional Institutional and Ad Hoc Rules Concerning Evidence Production
- [5] Failure to Disclose
- [6] Illegally Obtained Evidence and Evidence from Non-parties
- [C] Witness Testimony
- [1] Factual Witnesses
- [2] Expert Witnesses
- §8.06 Conclusion
- Questions
- Chapter 9: Damages and Costs
- §9.01 Introduction
- §9.02 Attribution
- [A] State Organs
- [B] State Entities
- §9.03 Causation
- §9.04 Reparation and Quantification of Damages
- [A] Reparation Standards
- [B] Calculation Methods
- [C] Grounds for Reducing Damages
- [D] Valuation Dates
- §9.05 Interest
- §9.06 Arbitration Costs
- §9.07 Conclusion
- Questions
- Chapter 10: The Award and Enforcement Issues
- §10.01 Introduction
- §10.02 Award Formalities, Supplementation or Rectification, Interpretation and Revision
- [A] ICSID Awards
- [B] Non-ICSID Awards
- §10.03 ICSID and Non-ICSID Annulment Proceedings
- [A] Annulment of ICSID Awards under Article 52 of the ICSID Convention
- [B] Annulment of Non-ICSID Awards
- §10.04 Award Recognition and Enforcement
- [A] ICSID Awards
- [B] Non-ICSID Awards: The New York Convention
- §10.05 Sovereign Immunity
- [A] Immunity from Jurisdiction and Arbitration-Related Exceptions
- [B] Waivers from State Immunity from Execution
- [C] Property with Use for Commercial Purposes
- §10.06 Conclusion
- Questions
- Annex IBA: Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration
- Index
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