FDTD Modeling of Metamaterials

Name: FDTD Modeling of Metamaterials | Theory and Applications
Brand: Artech House
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Theory and Applications

Yang Hao(Author)

Artech House (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 1. January 2008

360 pages

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978-1-59693-161-9 (ISBN)

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FDTD Modeling of Metamaterials: Theory and Applications
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 What Are Electromagnetic Metamaterials?
1.2 A Historical Overview of Electromagntic Metamaterials
1.2.1 Artificial Dielectrics
1.2.2 Artificial Magnetic Materials
1.2.3 Bianisotropic Composites
1.2.4 Double-Negative and Indefinite Media
1.2.5 Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystals
1.3 Numerical Modeling of Electromagnetic Metamaterials
1.4 Layout of the Book
References
Chapter 2: Fundamentals and Applications of Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bloch's Theorem and the Dispersion Diagram
2.2.1 Translational Symmetry
2.2.2 Bloch's Theorem and Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC)
2.2.3 Brillouin Zone
2.2.4 Dispersion Diagram and EBG
2.3 An Overview of Numerical Methods for Modeling EBG Structures
2.3.1 The Generalized Rayleigh's Identity Method and the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) Method
2.3.2 Plane-Wave Expansion Method
2.3.3 The Transfer-Matrix Method
2.3.4 The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method
2.4 An Overview of EBG Applications
2.4.1 In-Phase Reflection
2.4.2 Suppression of Surface Waves
2.4.3 EBGs Operating in Defect Modes
2.4.4 Subwavelength Imaging from the Passband of the EBGs
2.5 Summary
References
Chapter 3: A Brief Introduction to the FDTD Method for Modeling Metamaterials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Formulations of the Yee's FDTD Algorithm
3.2.1 Maxwell's Equations
3.2.2 Yee's Orthogonal Mesh
3.2.3 Time Domain Discretization: The Leapfrog Scheme and the CourantStability Condition (CFL Condition)
3.3 Other Spatial Domain Discretization Schemes
3.3.1 Subgridding Mesh
3.3.2 Nonorthogonal Mesh
3.3.3 Hybrid FDTD Meshes
3.4 Boundary Conditions
3.4.1 Mur's Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABCs)
3.4.2 Perfect Matched Layers (PMLs)
3.4.3 Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC)
3.5 Bandgap Calculation
3.5.1 Source Excitation
3.5.2 Dispersion Diagram Calculation
3.5.3 Transmission and Reflection Coefficient Calculation
3.6 Summary
References
Chapter 4: FDTD Modeling of EBGs and Their Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 FDTD Modeling of Infinite Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures
4.2.1 Physical Model of EBG Structures
4.2.2 Mesh Generation and Simulation Parameters in FDTD Modeling
4.2.3 Simulation Results of Infinite EBGs Using the Conformal and Yee's FDTD
4.3 Conformal FDTD Modeling of (Semi-)Finite EBG Structures
4.3.1 FDTD Model and Simulation Results
4.4 Design and Modeling of Millimeter-Wave EBG Antennas
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Design and Modeling of Woodpile EBG
4.4.3 A Millimeter-Wave EBG Antenna Based on a Woodpile Structure
4.4.4 Experimental Results
4.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Left-Handed Metamaterials (LHMs)and Their Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Effective Medium Theory and Left-Handed Metamaterials
5.2.1 A Composite Medium of Metallic Wires and Split Ring Resonators
5.2.2 Isotropic Three-Dimensional Left-Handed Metamaterials
5.2.3 Left-Handed Metamaterials Using Simple Short Wire Pairs
5.3 Applications of Left-Handed Metamaterials
5.3.1 Imaging by a Perfect LHM Lens
5.3.2 Transmission Line Structures of Left-Handed Metamaterials
5.3.3 Directive Electromagnetic Scattering by an Infinite Conducting CylinderCoated with LHMs
5.3.4 Negative Index Materials (NIM) for Selective Angular Separation ofMicrowave by Polarization
References
Chapter 6: Numerical Modeling of Left-Handed Material (LHM) Using a Dispersive FDTD Method
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Effective Medium of Left-Handed Materials (LHMs)
6.3 Modeling of Left-Handed Metamaterials Using a Dispersive FDTD Method
6.3.1 Two-Dimensional Dispersive FDTD with Auxiliary Differential Equations(ADEs)
6.3.2 Phase Compensation Through Layered LHM Structures
6.3.3 Conjugate Dielectric and Metamaterial Slab as Radomes
6.3.4 Numerical Results
6.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: FDTD Modeling and Figure-of-Merit(FOM) Analysis of Practical Metamaterials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 EM Response of the Infinite, Doubly Periodic DNG Slab with Plane Wave Illumination
7.2.1 Model Description of the Array Comprising of Split-Ring Resonators and Wires
7.2.2 Scattering Parameters Measurements Obtained from the PBC/FDTD Code
7.2.3 Phase Data Inside the DNG Slab
7.3 Retrieval of Effective Material Constitutive Parameters Using the Inversion Approach
7.3.1 Review of the Inversion Approach
7.3.2 Retrieval of the Effective Material Parameters from the Numerical S-Parameters Obtained from FDTD Simulations of Metamaterials
7.3.3 Summary of the Difficulties Encountered Using the Inversion Approachfor Effective Medium Characterization
7.4 EM Response of a Finite Artificial-DNG Slab with Localized Beam Illumination
7.4.1 Slab with Localized Beam Illumination
7.4.2 FDTD Model
7.4.3 Total Transmission and Reflection Power UnderGaussian Beam Illumination
7.4.4 EM Response of the Artificial-DNG Slab at Normal Incidence with Ey Polarization
7.4.5 EM Response of the Artificial-DNG Slab at Oblique TMz IncidenceComing from (q = 150?, f = 90?) with Hx Polarization
7.4.6 EM Response of the Artificial-DNG Slab at Oblique TEz Incidence Comingfromq = 150?, f = 0? with Ey Polarization
7.4.7 EM Response of a Finite Artificial-DNG Slab Excited by Small Dipole
7.5 Figure-of-Merit (FOM) Analysis
7.5.1 Loss and Bandwidth of Metamaterials with Different Electrical Sizes and Particle Densities
7.5.2 Figure-of-Merit Analysis by Numerical Experiments
7.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Accurate FDTD Modeling of a Perfect Lens
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Dispersive FDTD Modeling of LHMs with Spatial Averaging at the Boundaries
8.2.1 The (E, D, H, B) Scheme
8.2.2 The (E, J, H, M) Scheme
8.2.3 The Spatial Averaging Methods
8.3 Numerical Implementation
8.4 Effects of Material Parameters on the Accuracy of Numerical Simulation
8.5 Effects of Switching Time
8.6 Effects of Transverse Dimensions on Image Quality
8.7 Modeling of Subwavelength Imaging
8.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Spatially Dispersive FDTD Modelingof Wire Medium
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Spatial Dispersion in the Wire Medium
9.3 Spatially Dispersive FDTD Formulations
9.4 Stability and Numerical Dispersion Analysis
9.5 Perfectly Matched Layer for Wire Medium Slabs
9.6 Numerical Thickness of Wire Medium Slabs
9.7 Two-Dimensional FDTD Simulations
9.8 Three-Dimensional FDTD Simulations
9.9 Experimental Verifications
9.10 Internal Imaging by Wire Medium Slabs
9.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: FDTD Modeling of Metamaterialsfor Optics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Dispersive FDTD Modeling of Silver-Dielectric Layered Structuresfor Subwavelength Imaging
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 FDTD Modeling of the Silver-Dielectric Layered Structure
10.2.3 Numerical Results and Discussions
10.3 A Metamaterial Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Theory
10.3.3 Simulation
10.4 FDTD Study of Guided Modes in Nanoplasmonic Waveguides
10.4.1 Conformal Dispersive FDTD Method Using Effective Permittivities (EPs)
10.5 FDTD Calculation of Dispersion Diagrams
10.5.1 Wave Propagation in Plasmonic Waveguides Formed by Finite Numberof Elements
10.6 FDTD Modeling of Electromagnetic Cloaking Structures
10.6.1 Dispersive FDTD Modeling of the Cloaking Structure
10.6.2 Numerical Results and Discussion
References
Chapter 11: Overviews and Final Remarks
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of the FDTDMethod in Modeling Metamaterials
11.3 Overview of Metamaterial Applications and Final Remarks
11.3.1 Small Antennas Enclosed by an ENG Shell
11.3.2 Focusing and Superlensing Effects
11.3.3 Performance Enhancement of Planar Antennas
11.3.4 Electromagnetic Cloaks
References
List of Abbreviations
About the Authors
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