
Fish Physiology
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Content
- Front Cover
- Nitrogen Excretion
- Copyright Page
- CONTENTS
- Contributors
- Preface
- Chapter 1. Evolutionary Considerations of Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion
- I. Introduction: The Changing Roles of Ammonia and Urea
- II. Evolution of Urea as an Osmolyte and Excretory Product in Fish
- III. Uricotely and Other End Products
- IV. Summary and Epilogue
- References
- Chapter 2. Protein Synthesis
- I. Introduction
- II. General Models of Protein Synthesis
- III. Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Flux
- IV. Factors That Modify Protein Synthesis
- V. Energetic Cost of Protein Synthesis in Fish
- VI. Summary
- References
- Chapter 3. Amino Acid Metabolism
- I. Introduction
- II. Digestion and Uptake of Amino Acids
- III. Delivery Systems
- IV. Tissues
- V. Exercise
- VI. Hormonal Regulation
- VII. Diurnal Rhythms in Amino Acid Metabolism
- VIII. Diet and Starvation
- IX. Temperature
- X. Salinity
- XI. Anoxia
- XII. Summary
- References
- Chapter 4. Ammonia Toxicity, Tolerance, and Excretion
- I. Introduction
- II. Ammonia Toxicity to Fish
- III. Strategies to Reduce, Tolerate, or Avoid Ammonia Toxicity
- IV. Summary
- References
- Chapter 5. Ontogeny of Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion
- I. Early Development of Fishes
- II. Free Amino Acids
- III. Nutritional Demands
- IV. Nitrogen End Products and Their Chemistry in Solution
- V. Nitrogen Metabolism
- VI. Nitrogen Excretion
- VII. Summary
- References
- Chapter 6. Influence of Feeding, Exercise, and Temperature on Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion
- I. Introduction
- II. Feeding and Nitrogen Metabolism
- III. Metabolic Fuel Usage and Nitrogen Metabolism
- IV. Exercise and Nitrogen Metabolism
- V. Temperature and Nitrogen Metabolism
- VI. Other Nitrogen Products?
- VII. Excretion Mechanisms
- VIII. Elasmobranchs
- IX. Concluding Remarks
- References
- Chapter 7. Urea and Glutamine Synthesis: Environmental Influences on Nitrogen Excretion
- I. Introduction
- II. Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthetase III and Nitrogen Excretion in Fish
- III. Glutamine Synthetase and Ammonia Detoxification
- IV. Urea Cycle in Elasmobranchs
- V. Urea Cycle in Teleosts: Adaptation to Unique Environmental Circumstances
- VI. Summary
- References
- Chapter 8. Urea Transport
- I. Introduction
- II. Urea Transport in Mammalian Systems
- III. Physiology of Urea Transport in Fish
- IV. Prospects for Future Research and Evolutionary Perspectives
- References
- Chapter 9. Nitrogen Compounds as Osmolytes
- I. Introduction
- II. Types and Contents of Osmolytes
- III. Metabolism and Regulation of Osmolytes
- IV. Properties and Functions of Nitrogen Osmolytes
- V. Mechanisms of Compatibility and Counteraction: Osmolytes and Water Structure
- VI. Evolutionary Considerations
- VII. Practical Applications, Exceptions, and Unanswered Questions
- References
- Index
- Other Volumes in the Fish Physiology Series
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