Value and Capital Management
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Content
List of Abbreviations xiii
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
About the Author xxiii
Part One
Introduction 1
Chapter 1
Why is Value Management Important? 3
Better Information 3
Better Insights 6
Better Decisions 8
Why Shareholder Value? 12
Chapter 2
How do CFOs and CROs Add Value? 15
The Evolution of the Corporate Center as "Shareholder Surrogate" 15
The Implications for the CFO 20
The Implications for the CRO 24
Part Two
Better Information - Measuring Value 29
Chapter 3
RAPMs - The Industry Standard 31
What Makes Financial Services Unique? 31
What do RAPMs do and How? 34
The RAPM (R)evolution 37
Three RAPMs for Three Distinct Purposes 41
Linking Directly to Shareholder Value 46
Insurance Example 49
Banking Example 50
Chapter 4
Two Challenges in Using RAPMs 51
Do RAPMs Influence Strategy? 51
Do RAPMs Give the Right Signals? 55
Chapter 5
Valuing Financial Services - The Theory 71
What Determines Share Value? Market Multiples, RoE and Growth 71
But What Determines Market Multiples? 73
Why a Market-Consistent Approach? 77
Value: Where it Comes from and How to Create More of it 80
Chapter 6
Valuing Financial Services - The Evidence 85
Evidence from the Insurance Industry 85
Evidence from Banking 96
Is it Just me or are Others Thinking the Same Thing? 98
Chapter 7
Market-Consistent Valuation for Insurers 101
Introduction to Fair Valuation for Insurers 101
Calculating Traditional Embedded Value 104
European Embedded Value 106
Market Consistent Embedded Value (MCEV) 109
How is MCEV Calculated in Practice? 115
From MCEV to MVBS 120
Final Comments: Whither MCEV? 122
Part Three
Better Insights - Managing Value 125
Chapter 8
Property and Casualty Insurance 127
History and Economic Rationale 127
From Principles to Rules of the Game 133
From Rules to the Valuation of PC Businesses 135
PC KPIs: Understanding and Managing Value 140
Chapter 9
Life and Health Insurance 151
History and Economic Rationale 151
From Principles to "Rules of the Game" 163
LH Valuation 167
Understanding Value Creation: Capital Intensity and Financial Risk Taking 171
Chapter 10
Banking 189
History 189
Products 195
Economic Rationale 197
From Principles to "Rules of the Game" 199
From "Rules" to Value 201
Chapter 11
Achieving Profitable Growth 211
Rules of the Game and KPIs 211
Management Actions - Three Horizons of Growth 217
Horizon 1 - Increasing Sales Productivity 218
Horizon 1 - Going Multi-channel 221
Horizon 1 - Getting More out of Existing Customers; cross sell, big data and customer loyalty 224
Horizon 1 - Managing the Customer Portfolio Skew 228
Horizon 2 - Anticipating Mega-trends 230
Horizon 2 - Exploiting Adjacencies 232
Horizon 2 - Transformational and Bolt-on Acquisitions 234
Horizon 3 - Creative Disruptions 238
Chapter 12
Achieving Operating Efficiency 241
The Importance of Operating Efficiency 242
Rules of the Game 248
Pay Less: Optimize Procurement 249
Pay Less: From Business Process Redesign to Outsourcing 250
Use Less, But More Effectively: Digitize and Automate 253
Use Less, But More Effectively: Re-engineer the Product Portfolio 254
Use Less, But More Effectively: Managing Acquisition Expenses 257
Part Four
Better Decisions - Capital, Balance Sheet and Risk Management 261
Chapter 13
Corporate Strategy and Capital Allocation 263
Corporate Strategy, Capital Allocation and Performance Management 263
Capital Allocation: The Capital Budget, from Sources to Uses of Capital 265
Capital Allocation: Optimizing the Corporate Portfolio 273
Capital Allocation: Aligning Financial Resources within Constraints 278
Chapter 14
Strategic Planning and Performance Management 285
What is Strategic Planning? 285
Why does Strategic Planning Fail and What can be done About it? 295
Corporate Strategy 302
Chapter 15
Balance Sheet Management 311
Balance Sheet Management Activities 311
The Asset/Liability Committee (ALCO) Mandate and Agenda 314
The Asset/Liability Management (ALM) Unit 323
The Insurer ALM-Investment Value Chain 330
The Treasury Function 339
Chapter 16
The Economics of Asset/Liability Management 345
The Role of ALM Earnings 345
The Risks: Some Spectacular ALM Failures 349
The Returns: Are Shareholders Willing to Pay a Premium or a Discount? 361
Chapter 17
The Practical Aspects of Asset/Liability Management 371
ALM Performance and Risk Measures 372
Calculating Funds Transfer Prices (FTPs) 385
Measuring Alpha 406
Chapter 18
Cash and Liquidity Management 413
Managing Funding Liquidity Risk 413
What Happens if it Goes Wrong? 416
Measuring Funding Liquidity Risk 420
Chapter 19
Managing the Capital and Funding Structure 431
Capital Funding Management 431
Determining the Optimal Capital Structure 436
The Empirical Reality: What Determines Capital Structure? 446
Chapter 20
Risk Management 451
Enterprise Risk Management 451
Taking the Right Decisions 460
The Role of Culture 463
Chapter 21
Risk Governance and Organization 477
Risk Governance Principles 477
Role of the Board and Management 478
Three-Line-of-Defense Model 480
The Risk Function 484
Chapter 22
Risk Identification and Evaluation 491
From Risk Identification to Evaluation 491
Data-Driven Approaches 497
Evaluation-Based Approaches 499
Building a Resilient Organization 507
Chapter 23
Risk Underwriting - Strategy and Governance 513
Underwriting Context 513
Underwriting Strategy 518
Underwriting Governance 522
Chapter 24
Risk Underwriting - Technical Tools 527
Retail Segment: "Scoring" Models 527
Commercial Lines: Leveraging Expert Judgment 535
Underwriting Structured Solutions 541
Underwriting Controls, Validation and Learning 542
Chapter 25
Risk Underwriting - From Technical Pricing to Value Maximization 549
Technical Production Cost: RAPM Pricing 549
From Technical Pricing to Optimal Price 558
Chapter 26
Managing Operational and Reputational Risks 571
Defining Operational Risk 571
Managing Operational Risk 581
Chapter 27
Risk and Limit Controlling 589
Risk Reporting 589
An Effective Risk Limit Framework 601
Final Thoughts on Risk and Limit Reporting 606
Appendices Appendix A: Market Multiple Approaches 609
Appendix B: Derivation of Steady-State Valuation Multiples 613
Appendix C: Valuing Banks and Insurers: The Link Between Value and New Business and Investment RAPM 621
Appendix D: Beyond Debt and Equity 629
Glossary 641
References 653
Index 675
