AVR Programming
Learning to Write Software for Hardware
1st Edition
Published on 27. January 2014
474 pages
978-1-4493-5577-7 (ISBN)
Description
Atmel's AVR microcontrollers are the chips that power Arduino, and are the go-to chip for many hobbyist and hardware hacking projects. In this book you'll set aside the layers of abstraction provided by the Arduino environment and learn how to program AVR microcontrollers directly. In doing so, you'll get closer to the chip and you'll be able to squeeze more power and features out of it.Each chapter of this book is centered around projects that incorporate that particular microcontroller topic. Each project includes schematics, code, and illustrations of a working project. Program a range of AVR chipsExtend and re-use other peoples code and circuitsInterface with USB, I2C, and SPI peripheral devicesLearn to access the full range of power and speed of the microcontrollerBuild projects including Cylon Eyes, a Square-Wave Organ, an AM Radio, a Passive Light-Sensor Alarm, Temperature Logger, and moreUnderstand what's happening behind the scenes even when using the Arduino IDE
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Content
- Cover
- Copyright
- Table of Contents
- Why This Book?
- Preface
- You Will Need.
- The Basic Kit
- For the Basic Projects
- For the Intermediate Projects
- For the Motors and H-Bridge Chapters
- Deluxe and Frills
- Conventions Used in This Book
- Using Code Examples
- Safari® Books Online
- How to Contact Us
- Acknowledgments
- Part I. The Basics
- Chapter 1. Introduction
- What Is a Microcontroller? The Big Picture
- A Computer on a Chip.
- .But a Very Small Computer
- What Can Microcontrollers Do?
- Hardware: The Big Picture
- The Core: Processor, Memory, and I/O
- Peripherals: Making Your Life Easier
- Chapter 2. Programming AVRs
- Programming the AVR
- Toolchain
- The Software Toolchain
- Linux Setup
- Windows Setup
- Mac Setup
- Arduino Setup
- Make and Makefiles
- AVR and the Arduino
- Arduino Pros
- Arduino Cons
- The Arduino: Hardware or Software? Both!
- The Arduino Is an AVR
- The Arduino Is an AVR Programmer
- Other Hardware Programmers
- Flash Programmers I Have Known and Loved
- Getting Started: Blinking LEDs
- Hookup
- ISP Headers
- AVRDUDE
- Configuring Your Makefile
- Flash
- Troubleshooting
- Chapter 3. Digital Output
- blinkLED Redux
- The Structure of AVR C Code
- Hardware Registers
- blinkLED Summary
- POV Toy
- Building the Circuit
- Pretty Patterns: The POV Toy Code
- Experiment!
- Chapter 4. Bit Twiddling
- Working Through the Code: Cylon Eyes
- Bit Twiddling and Cylon Eyes
- Bit Shifting
- Advanced Bit Twiddling: Above and Beyond Cylon Eyes
- Setting Bits with OR
- Toggling Bits with XOR
- Clearing a Bit with AND and NOT
- Showing Off
- Summary
- Chapter 5. Serial I/O
- Serial Communication
- Implementing Serial Communication on the AVR: Loopback Project
- Setup: Configuring the AVR
- Setup: Your Computer
- Setup: USB-Serial Adapter
- Putting It All Together: Test Out Your Loopback
- Troubleshooting Serial Connections
- Configuring USART: The Nitty-Gritty Details
- AVR Square-Wave Organ
- Making Music with Your Micro
- The Organ Library
- The Code
- Extra Goodies
- Summary
- Chapter 6. Digital Input
- Pushbuttons, Switches, Etc.
- Configuring Input: DDRs, PORTs, and PINs
- Interpreting Button Presses
- Changing State
- Debouncing
- Debounce Example
- AVR Music Box
- The Code
- Boss Button
- Desktop-side Scripting
- Extensions
- Chapter 7. Analog-to-Digital Conversion I
- ADC Hardware Overview
- Light Meter
- The Circuit
- The Code
- ADC Initialization
- Extensions
- Slowscope
- The AVR Code
- The Desktop Code
- Synergies
- AVR Night Light and the Multiplexer
- Multiplexing
- Setting the Mux Bits
- The Circuit
- The Code
- Summary
- Part II. Intermediate AVR
- Chapter 8. Hardware Interrupts
- External Interrupts 101: Real-time Button Pressing Examples
- External Interrupt 0 Example
- Pin-Change Interrupt Example
- Capacitive Sensor
- The Sensor
- The Code
- Global, Volatile Variables
- Debugging the Circuit
- Chapter 9. Introduction to the Timer/Counter Hardware
- Timer/Counters: Why and How?
- Test Your Reaction Time
- Using Timer 0 for a Better 8-Bit Organ
- AM Radio
- The Circuit
- CPU Speed
- AM Radio: The Code
- Summary
- Chapter 10. Pulse-Width Modulation
- Bright and Dim LEDs: PWM
- Brute-Force PWM Demo
- Timers PWM Demo
- Initializing Timers for PWM Mode
- PWM on Any Pin
- PWM on Any Pin Demo
- Closing: Alternatives to PWM and a Timer Checklist
- Chapter 11. Driving Servo Motors
- Servos
- The Secret Life of Servos
- The Circuit
- The Code
- Servo Sundial
- The Build
- Ready the Lasers!
- The Code
- Servo Sundial Calibration
- Chapter 12. Analog-to-Digital Conversion II
- Voltage Meter
- The Circuit
- The Code
- The Footstep Detector
- The Circuit
- The Theory
- Exponentially Weighted Moving Averages
- The Code
- Summary
- Part III. Advanced AVR Topics
- Chapter 13. Advanced PWM Tricks
- Direct-Digital Synthesis
- Making a Sine Wave
- Next Steps: Mixing and Volume
- Mixing
- Dynamic Volume Control
- Polling USART
- ADSR Envelope
- Auxiliary Files
- Chapter 14. Switches
- Controlling Big Loads: Switches
- Bipolar-Junction Transistors
- MOSFETs
- Power MOSFETs
- Relays
- Triacs and SSRs
- Switches: Summary
- DC Motors
- Chapter 15. Advanced Motors
- Going in Reverse: H-Bridges
- Code: Taking Your H-Bridge Out for a Spin
- Experts-Only H-Bridge
- PWM and the H-Bridge
- Drive Modes: Sign-Magnitude
- Drive Modes: Locked Anti-phase
- Drive Modes: Comparison
- Stepper Motors
- Kinds of Stepper Motors
- Full Stepping and Half Stepping
- Identification of Stepper Motor Wires
- Too Many Wires!
- Dual H-Bridge Chips: The SN754410
- The Code
- Acceleration Control
- Microstepping
- Chapter 16. SPI
- How SPI Works
- Bit Trading Example
- Shift Registers
- EEPROM External Memory
- External Memory
- SPI Demo Hookup
- SPI Demo Code
- SPI EEPROM Library Header
- SPI EEPROM Library C Code
- initSPI
- SPI_tradeByte
- Convenience Functions
- Summary
- Chapter 17. I2C
- How I2C Works
- I2C Demo Hookup
- I2C Demo Library
- I2C Thermometer Demo
- SPI and I2C Data Logger
- Pointers in EEPROM
- The UART Serial Menu
- The Logger's Event Loop
- Chapter 18. Using Flash Program Memory
- Using Flash Program Memory
- Memory Addresses
- The Address-Of Operator: &
- Pointers
- Pointers in Brief
- Pointers as Arguments to Functions
- Summary
- Optional: Dereferencing Pointers
- Talking Voltmeter
- PROGMEM Data Structures and the Header File
- Sound Playback and Voltage Reading: The .c File
- Generating the Audio Data
- Differential Pulse-Code Modulation
- Encoding Two-bit DPCM
- Encoding DPCM: wave2DPCM.py
- Chapter 19. EEPROM
- Using EEPROM
- Storing in Memory
- Reading from Memory
- Saving and Loading EEPROM
- Organizing Data in EEPROM
- Project: Vigenère Cipher Encoder/Decoder
- Chapter 20. Conclusion, Parting Words, and Encouragement
- Learning AVR: The Missing Chapters
- The Watchdog Timer
- Power Savings
- Crystals and Alternate Clock Sources
- Bootloaders
- Analog Comparator
- Debugging
- Put This Book Down and Build!
- Index
- About the Author
