
Data Sleuth
Description
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In Data Sleuth: Using Data in Forensic Accounting Engagements and Fraud Investigations, certified fraud examiner, former FBI support employee, private investigator, and certified public accountant Leah Wietholter delivers a step-by-step guide to financial investigation that can be applied to almost any forensic accounting use-case. The book emphasizes the use of best evidence as you work through problem-solving data analysis techniques that address the common challenge of imperfect and incomplete information.
The accomplished author bridges the gap between modern fraud investigation theory and practical applications and processes necessary for working practitioners. She also provides:
* Access to a complimentary website with supplementary resources, including a Fraud Detection Worksheet and case planning template
* Strategies for systematically applying the Data Sleuth® framework to streamline and grow your practice
* Methods and techniques to improve the quality of your work product
Data Sleuth is an indispensable, hands-on resource for practicing and aspiring fraud examiners and investigators, accountants, and auditors. It's a one-of-a-kind book that puts a practical blueprint to effective financial investigation in the palm of your hand.
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Person
Leah Wietholter is a Certified Fraud Examiner, private investigator, Certified Public Accountant, and CEO of Workman Forensics in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She previously worked with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and as a Senior Certified Fraud Examiner at a public accounting firm in Tulsa. She runs The Investigation Game, an interactive continuing education experience and podcast that explores financial investigation strategies.
Content
Foreword xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1: Building a Data Sleuth Team 1
The First Team 2
The Forensic Accountant 4
Technical and Strategic 4
Thorough and Efficient 5
Detail-Oriented and Effective Communication 6
Accounting Knowledge and Legal Knowledge 7
Meeting Deadlines and Developing Business 8
Forensic Accountant Problems 8
The Scalability Problem 9
The Strategy Problem 10
The Review Problem 12
The Sustainability Problem 13
Data Sleuth Solutions 14
The Scalability Solution 14
The Strategy Solution 16
The Review Solution 18
The Sustainability Solution 18
Chapter 2: The Data Sleuth Process 21
Engagement Types 21
Simultaneously Managing Client Expectations and Objectivity 25
Professional Standards 28
The Data Sleuth Process 30
Chapter 3: The Data Sleuth Necessity 41
Forensic Accounting Engagements versus External Financial Statement Audits 42
The Evolution of Forensic Accounting 44
The Case of the Cash Back Payroll Scheme 45
Start with the Evidence, Not the Scheme 47
The Case of the Gambling Executive Director 48
Chapter 4: Data Sleuth Considerations 53
Investigations Affect Real People 54
The Case of the Nonexistent Inventory 55
The Fraud Formula 58
Staying on Task with Purpose in Mind 59
The Investigation Decision Tree for a Data Sleuth 60
Recovery Avenues 63
The Case of the Man Cave 66
Chapter 5: Client Communication and Involvement 71
The Case of the Initial Client Meeting 72
Client Expectations 75
Data Procurement 77
Client Involvement During an Investigation 78
Ongoing Client Communication 81
Chapter 6: The Data Sleuth Case Plan 83
The Data Sleuth Process 83
The Client's Investigation Priorities 86
Evaluate the Subject's Access through Risk-Based Analysis 86
Data Sleuth Analysis Framework 88
From Conceptual Venn Diagram to Comparative Data Analysis 96
The Data Analysis Plan 97
Data and Information Gathering 99
Communication of the Case Plan 101
The Case of the Duplicate Payroll - Conclusion 102
Chapter 7: Risk-Based Analysis 105
The Case of the Puzzling Entries 106
Risk Focus in Audits versus Risk Focus in Investigations 118
The Case of the Mom of the Year 118
Evaluating Risk in Divorce Cases and Estate and Trust Disputes 126
Chapter 8: Data Sources and Data Processing Techniques 129
Data Sources Explained 129
Quantitative and Qualitative Data Sources 130
Data Sources for Quantitative Evidence 130
Data Sources for Qualitative Evidence 134
Using Quantitative and Qualitative Data Sources 135
Data Processing Techniques 136
Relevant Period 136
Getting Organized Before Beginning Data Processing 139
Considerations Before Processing Data 144
Account Scheduling Steps 145
Formatting Account Schedules and Normalizing Payees 149
Chapter 9: Standard Data Sleuth Analyses: Comparative Analysis and Source and Use Summaries 151
Comparative Analysis 152
The Case of the Cash Flow Fiasco 153
Source and Use Summary and Analysis 156
Bank Account Source and Use Analysis 157
Credit Card Account Source and Use Summary 164
Chapter 10: Standard Data Sleuth Analyses: Interesting Data Findings, Risk Indicator Analysis, and Payroll Analysis 169
Interesting Data Findings 170
Risk Indicator Analysis 175
Payroll Analysis 180
Overpayments of Payroll 189
Chapter 11: Findings, Reports, and Testimony 193
Findings 193
Reports 196
A Report for Criminal Charges 197
Report Recommendations for Law Enforcement Referral 199
An Expert Report for Civil Litigation 200
An Expert Report for Insurance Reimbursement 201
Report Organization Recommendations 202
Testimony 203
Chapter 12: Practice the Data Sleuth Process 207
Review of the Data Sleuth Case Plan 207
Review of Data Sleuth Data Processing 208
Review of the Data Analysis Plan and Standard Data Sleuth Analyses 208
Case Study 1: The Case of the Disappearing Business 209
Case Study 2: The Case of the Sneaky CFO 213
Chapter 13: The Cases that Went Wrong 219
The Client Who Believes He Was Wronged 219
The Client Whose Decisions Affect an Investigation 225
Chapter 14: Data Sleuth Expansion 231
Data Sleuth Empowers the Curious 232
Data Sleuth Divisions 234
Public Accounting Firms 235
Consulting and Advisory Firms 236
The Case of the Phony Professional 237
Law Firms 239
Law Enforcement 240
The Future of Data Sleuth 240
Data Sleuth as Prevention 240
Licenses, Credentials, and Professional Development 241
Appendix: Case Study Exercise Solution Recommendations 243
Case Study 1: Exercise 1 - Solution Recommendations 243
Case Study 2: Exercise 1 - Solution Recommendations 244
Case Study 2: Exercise 2 - Solution Recommendations 246
About the Author 249
About the Website 251
Index 253
Preface
IN 2013, I RECEIVED the recognition of being one of Oklahoma's 40 under 40, sponsored by Oklahoma Magazine. As part of this honor, I was asked to attend a photo shoot to publish with my bio for the magazine. To my surprise, when I arrived, there was also a video interview component for which I had not prepared. The interviewer asked, "Where do you see your business in five years?" For a moment I thought, Hopefully I'm still in business. I was a little over two years into the entrepreneurship thing and felt as though every day was only about survival. Fortunately, what I heard myself say instead was, "To make forensic accounting accessible to more people."
But let's start at the beginning. When I was 12 years old, I was obsessed with a radio drama, Adventures in Odyssey, specifically the episode titled, "A Name, Not a Number." In this episode, the character Tasha Forbes was introduced as a special agent for the National Security Agency. To this point in my life, I had not thought much about careers. If you had asked me then what I wanted to be when I grew up, I would have said I was going to be a teacher. I do think I consciously realized that women could be something other than a mom or a teacher. This episode about Tasha's career as an agent, however, made me realize that I, as a female, could be an investigator. As an avid reader of mystery novels, I determined that I would become an investigator.
I continued with this dream of a career through high school and learned as much as possible about every federal law enforcement agency. Eventually, I decided that the Federal Bureau of Investigation was the agency for me and began to invest in and focus on areas that would increase my chances of becoming an FBI agent. In 2006, I was given the internship of a lifetime as one of the students selected to participate in the FBI's Honors Internship Program in Washington, DC.
My first day in Washington, DC, was a 12-year-old girl's dream coming to life at age 20. Dressed in a black pantsuit and turquoise button-up shirt, I felt smart, strong, and ready to learn all that I could over the 10-week internship. Standing in line with my new internship friends and at least 100 other college-aged students from around the United States, I was ready to go through security to enter the doors of the headquarters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
"What's your name?" the security guard asked. "Leah Workman." He asked a second time, this time asking for my driver's license. This is not a good sign, I thought. My mind started racing through all the paperwork, background check interviews, polygraph testing and wondered if maybe I had missed completing one of the many federal forms. All the students chatting outside of the J. Edgar Hoover Building in nervous excitement about their first day sounded like a loud, constant buzz, but as soon as the security guard said, "You're not on the list. Please step aside," everything went silent. Blood drained from my face.
The security processing of the interns slowed to a complete stop, and the security guard pulled me out of line. Heads began to turn in my direction as the line stopped moving, and thankfully, before it became even more embarrassing, the internship coordinator for my group stepped forward to save the day. My name had in fact been omitted from the list, and to this day, I still do not know why. After a short discussion with the internship coordinator, the security personnel verified that I was indeed an intern. I was admitted, received my access badge, and was sworn in.
After orientation and exploring DC, my internship group returned to West Virginia for our work assignments. The internship coordinator let us know we would be taking group photos, meeting with management, and receiving our assignments. We made sure to look as professional as possible by wearing suits again that day. As soon as we walked outside to carpool to the office, I realized that I once again was going to be singled out. Everyone was wearing a black suit, and I was wearing a cream suit.
What began as embarrassment and very unwanted attention those first few days of the internship resulted in an incredible pattern that forced me to learn quickly that being the only one or singled out or different did not have to be detrimental. In fact, these uncomfortable moments laid a foundation for a career advantage.
The 10-week internship was just the beginning of my career with the FBI. When I returned to school the following semester, I was not only about to graduate with my accounting degree, but because of a new program, I was able to continue the internship as an actual FBI employee under the direction of an experienced forensic accountant for the following two years. At the end of the two-year assignment, with only one career option in mind, I took the phase 1 assessment to become an FBI special agent. A few weeks later, based on my assessment results, I was not accepted. Devastated, I relived the exam over and over as I felt lost trying to find my next step. The test questions were like that of a personality test coupled with an assessment of my decision-making abilities. Although this is not the intention of the test, I felt as if the FBI was telling me once again, that I, including my personality and decision-making choices, did not fit in.
My lifelong dream career had been denied me, but as it was not the first time, after a brief period of mourning, I decided to do what I heard all "good" accountants do. I applied to work in public accounting. I chose to work in the tax department because I could then at least prepare my own tax returns.
While working for the accounting firm in Tulsa, forensic accounting was becoming a more requested service, and the firm invited me to work on forensic accounting engagements and fraud investigations. While there, I was able to work on several cases including a $3 million embezzlement from a bank, a divorce, and an engagement involving the tracing of millions of dollars of funds. It was really exciting to take what I learned working for law enforcement and under the direction of the FBI forensic accountant and apply it to the private sector. One major problem with this setup remained. In working for a public accounting firm, I still had to prepare tax returns during the busy seasons leading up to the tax deadline. After a couple of years, I started looking for another job. When I found none that interested me, an accounting headhunter suggested, "What would happen if you started your own investigation and forensic accounting business?" In November 2010, I opened Workman Forensics.
Workman Forensics was established to provided forensic accounting and fraud investigation services, and we have continued to provide only these services for over 11 years. I have managed a team as big as 11 employees, and as small as 1- which included only me. In 2014, I realized that the number of hours I was working per week managing deadlines, business development, human resources, and casework was not sustainable. I am grateful to the many team members who have worked with me over the last six years. It is because of their hard work and specialized talents that we were able to begin developing what is now known as the Data Sleuth Process.
Being an entrepreneur and business owner for over 10 years now, I have read so many books and listened to so many podcasts by great leadership and business minds that talk about vision. If I am being honest, after hearing the term "vision" repeatedly, I began to tune it out because my interpretation of the way they defined vision felt materialistic. The goal of a business vision seemed to focus on doing big things to make more money, which is not a bad thing when someone is in business. I just did not want that to be my vision for my business.
In January 2021, I realized that I needed to embrace vision as more than financial goals beginning with the sharing of seemingly enormous ideas and goals I had been cultivating over the last few years. To take it a step further, I chose a word for the year to break down this vision into an action item; the word chosen was "invest." That one-word vision for the year has since resulted in one team member earning her Certified Fraud Examiner's credential. I passed the Certified Public Accountant exam. Another team member is working to earn the Certified in Financial Forensics credential. We are even now in the process of building an escape room experience. As we continue to move forward, I am amazed by the power of the word I once avoided, vision.
It was actually during the strangeness of 2020 that the concepts presented in this book truly emerged with great promise. When all of our referral sources temporarily stopped referring because the courthouse was closed and clients were asking to pause our casework, our team made continuous improvements to the process and continued to ask ourselves, "When we open again, what are the things we will want to use in a better way?" We focused our working hours to improving the Data Sleuth Process to the point where it can be shared with the readers of this book. Through the improvement of this process, we were able to begin the creation of the subset process Find Money in Divorce - a modular course with training videos and workbooks to help spouses find hidden assets and understated income in divorce cases. It was during this time that we created new game-based virtual case studies qualifying for continuing education for The Investigation Game product line.
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