
Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems
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Content
- Title page
- Preface
- Organization
- Table of Contents
- The Value in Muddling Around Modelling
- Towards Quality Driven Exploration of Model Transformation Spaces
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Overview of QVT-Rational
- A Clarifying Example
- Programming the Framework
- Specifying Feedback Rules
- Binding to Quality
- Providing Feedback
- Specifying Requirements
- Design Space Exploration
- Evaluation
- The Object-Relational Mapping Case Study
- The Component Allocation Case Study
- Discussion
- Conclusions and Future Work
- References
- Automated Model-to-Metamodel Transformations Based on the Concepts of Deep Instantiation
- Introduction
- Problem Statement
- Related Work
- Motivating Example
- Approach
- M2MM Transformation Operators
- Automated M2MM Transformations Algorithm
- Differences between Automated M2MM Transformations and the Two Original Approaches
- Implementation and Evaluation
- Conclusion
- References
- Lazy Execution of Model-to-Model Transformations
- Introduction
- Motivating Scenarios
- Scenario 1: Large Models
- Scenario 2: Infinite Models
- Lazy Model Transformation
- Lazy Model Generation
- Lazy Model Navigation
- A Lazy Engine for ATL
- Transformation Engine
- Considered ATL Subset
- Approach Evaluation
- Related Work
- Conclusions and Future Work
- References
- Measuring UML Models Using MetricsDefined in OCL within the SQUAM Framework
- Introduction
- Example Metric: Number of Local Methods (NOM)
- OCL Project with UML Metrics
- Conclusions and Future Work
- References
- Modeling Model Slicers
- Introduction
- Heterogeneous Use Cases of Model Slicing
- Overview
- Model-Driven Specification of Slicers
- Expected Features for a Model Slicer
- Kompren Abstract Syntax
- Concrete Syntax
- Semantic
- Validation
- Model Operation Analysis
- Bringing Semantic Zoom to Model Visualization
- Monitoring Component-Based Models at Runtime
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Morsa: A Scalable Approach for Persisting and Accessing Large Models
- Introduction
- Background
- Metamodeling
- Model Persistence
- The NoSQL Movement
- Overview
- Persistence Backend Design
- Model Loading
- Load on Demand
- Cache Replacement Policies
- Integration and Implementation
- Related Work
- Evaluation
- Results
- Conclusions and Further Work
- References
- Expressing Aspectual Interactions in Design: Experiences in the Slot Machine Domain
- Introduction
- Requirements for the Design
- Design Overview
- Aspects in the Design
- Interactions between Concerns
- Evaluation of Theme/UML
- Conflict
- Mutex
- Reinforcement
- Dependency
- Conclusion: Theme/UML
- Evaluation of WEAVR
- Conflicts
- Mutex
- Reinforcement
- Dependency
- Conclusion: WEAVR
- Related Work
- Conclusions and Future Work
- References
- An Industrial Application of Robustness Testing Using Aspect-Oriented Modeling, UML/MARTE, and Search Algorithms
- Introduction
- Case Study
- Scalable Robustness Modeling
- Functional Behavior of Saturn
- Robustness Modeling Using RUMM
- Test Case Generation
- An Overview of TRUST
- Integration of the AspectSM Weaver with TRUST
- Integration of Search-Based Constraint Solver with TRUST
- Test Case Execution
- Setup for Test Case Execution
- Preliminary Test Case Execution Results
- Experience and Lessons Learned
- Robustness Modeling
- Test Case Generation
- Test Case Execution
- Current Limitations
- Related Work
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Aspect-Oriented Modelling for Distributed Systems
- Introduction
- Background on RAM
- Designing the Aspect Interface
- Designing the Aspect Structure
- Designing the Aspect Behaviour
- Weaving
- Modelling Distributed Concerns
- Distributing the Observer Design Pattern
- Generating Models for a Distributed System
- Instantiating Distribution Roles
- Configuring a Distributed System
- Generating the Woven Models for Each Node
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- A Precise Style for Business Process Modelling: Results from Two Controlled Experiments
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Business Process Modelling with UML
- Ultra-Light Style
- Precise Style
- The Controlled Experiments
- Participants
- Material and Experimental Objects
- Hypotheses Formulation
- Design
- Dependent and Independent Variables
- Results
- Comparison between the Experiments
- Comprehension Level and Effort
- Effect of Experience
- Threats to Validity
- Conclusion
- References
- Semantically Configurable Consistency Analysis for Class and Object Diagrams
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Motivating Example
- CDs and ODs, Consistency, and Semantic Variability
- Class and Object Diagrams Languages
- Consistency
- The Semantic Variability Feature Models
- Semantically Configurable Consistency Analysis
- Overview of the Transformation to Alloy
- Handling Semantic Variability
- Implementation and Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- Identifying the Weaknesses of UML Class Diagrams during Data Model Comprehension
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Empirical Evaluation
- Goal, Definition, and Context
- Design
- Comprehension Questionnaires
- Variable Selection
- Procedure and Data Analysis
- Analysis and Interpretation of the Results
- Discussion and Threats to Validity
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Engineering Android Applications Based on UML Activities
- Introduction
- Related Approaches and Tools
- The Arctis/Android SDK
- Library of Android Building Blocks
- User Interface Blocks for Android Activities
- Blocks to Invoke Other Applications via Intents
- Case Study: Engineering an Instant Voice Messenger
- Involved Building Blocks
- Separation between Application UI and Background Service
- Foreground Application UI for the Instant Voice Messenger
- Formal Analysis of a Building Block
- Verification of Android-Specific Rules
- Evaluation and Discussion
- Evaluation 1: The Instant Voice Messenger Case Study
- Evaluation 2: Reuse Profile of the Instant Voice Messenger
- Evaluation 3: Rapid Prototyping Experiment
- Evaluation 4: Industrial Case Study with Hrafn
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- Domain-Specific Model Transformation in Building Quantity Take-Off
- Introduction
- Building Information Models and the Quantity Take-Off Process
- Automated Estimator: Buildings and Bills
- The Intelligent Building Model Language
- The Bill of Quantities Language
- The Take-Off Rules Language and Tool Support
- Take-Off Rules
- Tool Support for Quantity Take-Off
- Traceability and Debugging
- Reflection on Building a Domain-Specific Transformation Language
- Conclusion
- References
- Improving Scalability and Maintenance of Software for High-Performance Scientific Computing by Combining MDE and Frameworks
- Introduction
- MDE4HPC
- Collaborative Approach
- HPCML
- Experiment Results
- Paprika Studio
- The Arcane Framework
- Development Process
- Results with an Lagrangian Hydrodynamic Simulation
- Discussion and Perspectives
- References
- A Critical Review of Applied MDA for Embedded Devices: Identification of Problem Classes and Discussing Porting Efforts in Practice
- Introduction
- Case Study Overview
- Requirements and Aims
- Model-Driven Development
- Characteristics of MDA
- MDA Tool Features
- Modeling and Code Generation
- Action Language
- Product Variants
- Conclusion
- Proposed Solution
- System Architecture
- Problems
- Tool-Related Problems
- Problems When Working in a Team
- Organizational Problems
- Porting to Another Platform
- Lower Layers
- Adaptation Layers
- Logic/UI Layers
- Problems Spanning Multiple Layers
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Designing Heterogeneous Component Based Systems: Evaluation of MARTE Standard and Enhancement Proposal
- Introduction
- Background
- Motivations
- Contribution
- Core Principles
- Main Concepts
- Conclusion
- References
- Semantic Clone Detection for Model-Based Development of Embedded Systems
- Introduction
- Problem and Contribution
- Outline
- Clones in Model-Based Development
- Clone Detection
- Model-Based Development for Control Systems
- Approach
- Normal Forms of Data Flow Models
- Construction of Normal Forms via Model Transformation
- Derivation of Transformation Rules
- Case Study
- Analyzed Model
- Implementation
- Application
- Results
- Discussion
- Related Work
- Conclusions
- References
- Instant and Incremental QVT Transformation for Runtime Models
- Introduction
- The Running Example
- The SmartLab System
- The Runtime Models for SmartLab
- Model Transformation for Runtime Models
- The Semantics
- The Instant and Incremental Transformation Algorithm
- The Algorithm
- Examples
- Evaluation
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Service-Oriented Architecture Modeling: Bridging the Gap between Structure and Behavior
- Introduction
- Car Crash Crisis Management System (Cccms)
- Challenges and Synchronization Process
- Identifying Model Divergences
- Naive Synchronization with Merge
- Intuitive Definition of Divergences
- Divergence Detection Formalization
- Resolution Strategies
- Automatic Propagation of the Resolution Strategies
- Name-Mismatch Strategy
- Concept Enforcing and Concept Usage Strategies
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- From State- to Delta-Based Bidirectional Model Transformations: The Symmetric Case
- Introduction
- The Need for Deltas
- Example
- Unweaving Delta Discovery and Propagation
- Symmetric Delta Lenses
- The Basic Structure
- Invertibility and Undoability
- Consistency Maintenance and Alignment
- Alignment Taken Seriously
- Consistency Maintainers: Hippocratic Update Propagation
- From Maintainers to Lenses: Invertibility and Undoability
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Enforcing S&D Pattern Design in RCES with Modeling and Formal Approaches
- Introduction
- Related Work
- S&D Patterns Conceptual Framework
- Motivating Example: Secure Communication Pattern
- Pattern Fundamental Structure
- Details on Prerequisites for Using our S&D Patterns
- Modeling S&D Patterns
- Domain Independent Pattern Model (DIPM)
- Domain Specific Pattern Model (DSPM)
- The Formalization and Validation Process
- The Security Modeling Framework SeMF
- Validation Artifacts
- Validating Secure Communication Patterns
- Discussion and Conclusion
- References
- A Model-Based and Automated Approach to Size Estimation of Embedded Software Components
- Introduction
- Background
- A UML Profile for Code Size Estimation Based on COSMIC
- The CompSize Tool
- Case Study
- Definition and Planning
- Operation and Data Analysis
- Interpretation of Results
- Evaluation of Validity Threats
- Related Work
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- MDE to Manage Communications with and between Resource-Constrained Systems
- Introduction
- Problem Analysis and Illustrative Example
- Approach
- Generating Interoperable APIs for Things and Services
- Generating Light-Weight and Message-Specific Protocols
- Generating Interactive Simulators
- Application
- CoffeeSpy: Domain-Specific Application in ThingML
- JArduino: Wrapping the Arduino API in ThingML
- Related Work
- Remote Procedure Calls for Micro-controllers
- Abstractions over Sensors and Micro-controllers
- Networking for Micro-controllers
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Diagram Definition: A Case Study with the UML Class Diagram
- Introduction
- Overview of Diagram Definition
- Architecture
- Diagram Interchange (DI)
- Diagram Graphics (DG)
- Case Study: UML Class Diagram Definition
- Diagram Interchange
- Concrete Syntax Mapping
- Experiment: Interchange and Rendering a Diagram
- Experiment Setup
- Experiment Execution
- Experiment Result
- Discussion
- Related Works
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Reducing Multiplicities in Class Diagrams
- Introduction
- The Necessity of Additional Constraints
- Equating Association Chains
- Formal Definitions
- Composing Relations under Non-uniqueness
- Composing Relations under Uniqueness
- Detecting and Eliminating Redundancies
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Creating Models for Simulating the Face
- EUnit: A Unit Testing Framework for Model Management Tasks
- Introduction
- Testing a Model Transformation with JUnit
- Test Organization
- Test Suites
- Test Cases
- Test Specification
- Ant Buildfile
- EOL Script
- Example: Testing a Model Transformation with EUnit
- Extending EUnit
- Adding Modelling Technologies
- Adding Model Management Tasks
- Integrating Model Generators
- Case Study: Regression Tests for Eugenia
- Related Work
- Conclusions and Future Work
- References
- Verifying UML-RT Protocol Conformance Using Model Checking
- Introduction
- Background
- MDD Using UML-RT
- Conditions Imposed on PSMs
- Java Pathfinder
- UML-RT Protocol Conformance Checking
- Example
- Formalization of Conformance Check
- Implementation
- Case Studies
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Model-Based Coverage-Driven Test Suite Generation for Software Product Lines
- Introduction
- Basic Terms of SPL Testing
- Complete SPL Test Suites
- Complete SPL Test Suite Generation - An Example
- 150% Test Model Preparation
- Valid Test Case for a Set of Product Configurations
- Complete SPL Test Suite Generation
- Discussion
- Threats to Validity
- Related Work
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Constraint-Based Model Refactoring
- Introduction
- An Instructive Example
- A Simple Well-Formedness Rule
- Name Refactoring
- Type Refactoring
- Interpreting Diagrams
- Summary
- Constraint-Based Program Refactoring
- From Well-Formedness Rules to Constraint Rules
- Separation into Queries and Constraints
- Mapping Properties to Constraint Variables
- Real Examples from the UML Standard
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Supporting Design Model Refactoring for Improving Class Responsibility Assignment
- Introduction
- Issues in Class Responsibility Assignment
- Our Approach
- Overview
- Describing Responsibilities
- CRA Refactorings
- Support Tool
- Preliminary Evaluation
- Experimental Design
- Experimental Result and Discussion
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Vision Paper: The Essence of Structural Models
- Introduction
- Approach
- Model Transformation
- Essence Computation
- Implementation
- Discussion
- References
- Vision Paper: Towards Model-Based Energy Testing
- Introduction
- Background and Related Work
- Model-Based Energy Testing
- Modelling
- Model Transformation
- Abstract Interpretation
- Energy Consumption Prediction
- Test Case Generation
- Test Case Execution
- Conclusion
- References
- Vision Paper: Make a Difference! (Semantically)
- Introduction
- Case Study: Difference for Feature Models
- A Categorical Intermezzo
- Difference and Development Processes
- Difference for Automata Specifications
- Discussion: Towards Difference between Languages
- Final Remarks and Related Work
- References
- Automatic Derivation of Utility Functions for Monitoring Software Requirements
- Introduction
- Background
- Goal-Based Requirements Modeling
- RELAX Specification Language
- Athena Approach
- Intelligent Vehicle System
- Description of Athena Approach
- Case Study
- No Requirements Violations
- Sensor Noise Leads to Requirements Violation
- Related Work
- Partial Satisfaction of Goals
- Requirements Monitoring
- Utility Functions for Self-adaptive Systems
- Conclusions
- References
- Logic-Based Model-Level Software Development with F-OML
- Introduction
- F-OML by Example
- PathLP Introduction
- Introduction to F-OML
- PathLP - The Underlying Logic of F-OML
- Syntax
- Semantics
- F-OML - The Semantic Layer over PathLP
- Using F-OML
- Related Work
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Formal Verification of QVT Transformations for Code Generation
- Introduction
- A Framework for Correct Code Generation
- Transforming UML to JAST
- Formal Reasoning about Models and Meta Models
- Formal Reasoning about QVT Transformations
- Formulating Properties in Dynamic Logic
- Two Example Rules of the Calculus
- Discussion
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Model-Based (Mechanical) Product Design
- Introduction
- Context
- Introduction to (Mechanical) Product Design
- Introduction to MDE and Model Transformation
- Current Issues and Challenges in Product Design Software
- A Model-Based Software Architecture for Product Design
- Architecture Overview
- Technical Spaces and Connectors
- Knowledge (Meta) Models
- Model Operations
- Process (Meta) Model
- Usecase
- Architecture Implementation
- Knowledge Models
- TDC - FPPT Connector
- FPPT to SK2 Transformation
- SK2 to ASB Transformation
- ASB to CATIA Connector
- Related and Future Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Applying a Model-Based Approach to IT Systems Development Using SysML Extension
- Introduction
- Details on CASSI and PFML
- Framework for Model-Based SI
- System Model Overview
- SysML Representation
- NFR Evaluation
- Case Studies
- Server Consolidation
- System of Systems Evaluation
- Related Work
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Early Experience with Agile Methodology in a Model-Driven Approach
- Introduction
- Our Model-Driven Development Approach and Toolset
- Proposed Development Methodology
- Early Results, Benefits and Lessons Learnt
- Related Work
- Summary
- References
- Finding Models in Model-Based Development (Abstract)
- CD2Alloy: Class Diagrams Analysis Using Alloy Revisited
- Introduction
- Preliminaries
- Class and Object Diagrams
- A Brief Overview of Alloy
- The CD2Alloy Translation
- From CD to Alloy
- Back to UML Object Diagrams
- Multiple CD Analysis
- Handling Multiple CDs
- Example Analysis Problem: Intersection
- Example Analysis Problem: Refinement
- Implementation: The CD2Alloy Plug-In
- Discussion
- Related Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Model-Driven Engineering and Optimizing Compilers: A Bridge Too Far?
- Introduction
- Optimizing Compilers
- Optimizing Compiler Research
- Optimizing Compiler Infrastructures
- Role of Compiler Infrastructures
- GeCoS and AlphaZ
- Challenges in Optimizing Compilers
- Maintainable and Sustainable Code
- Structural Validity of Intermediate Representation
- Complex Querying of the IR
- Interfacing with External Tools
- Semantics Preserving Transformations
- Systematic Approaches for Capturing Domain Specific Knowledge
- Code Generation
- How to Use MDE in Compilers
- Direct MDE Benefits
- Using Metatools
- Defining Metatools
- Summarizing Answers from MDE to Compilers Challenges
- Applicability of MDE
- Scope
- Prerequisites
- Conclusion and Perspectives
- References
- Towards a General Composition Semantics for Rule-Based Model Transformation
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Common Semantics and Virtual Machines
- Rule Inheritance
- Module Import
- Transformation Virtual Machine Language
- Modules
- Rules
- Rule Inheritance
- Module Import
- Mapping of Rule-Based Model Transformation Languages
- ATL
- Graph Transformations
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Properties of Realistic Feature Models Make Combinatorial Testing of Product Lines Feasible
- Introduction
- Background
- Software Product Lines
- Software Product Line Testing
- Combinatorial Interaction Testing for Product Lines
- The Case for Tractable t-wise Covering Array Generation
- Complexity Analysis of Covering Array Generation
- Quick Satisfiability of Realistic Feature Models
- Configuration Space
- Tractable Approximation of Covering Arrays
- Performance of Chvátal's Algorithm for Covering Array Generation
- Models
- Tool and Transformations
- Results
- Discussion
- Memory Requirements
- Accepted Covering Array Size
- Suggested Improvements and Future Work
- Conclusion
- References
- Reasoning about Metamodeling with Formal Specifications and Automatic Proofs
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Introduction to CLP and Satisfiability
- CLP Satisfiability
- Blueprint of a Metamodeling Framework
- Metamodeling by Typed Graphs
- Typed Graphs and the Model Store
- Specifying the Model Store with ADTs and CLP
- Encoding Model Transformations
- Editing by Transformations
- Conformance-Preserving Edits
- The Meta-interpreter
- A MOF-Like Framework
- Discussion and Conclusion
- References
- Correctness of Model Synchronization Based on Triple Graph Grammars
- Introduction
- Running Example
- Model Synchronization Framework Based on TGGs
- Model Transformation Based on TGGs
- General Synchronization Process Based on TGGs
- Correctness of Model Synchronization Based on TGGs
- Related Work
- Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Toolchain for the Detection of Structural and Behavioral Latent System Properties
- Introduction
- Background
- Cyclops and Hydra
- Marple
- Body Subsystem Model
- Lighting Subsystem
- Power Management Subsystem
- Windshield Wiper Subsystem
- Process
- Model Transformation
- Model Analysis
- Property Review
- Related Work
- Consistency Checking among UML Class and State Diagrams
- Detection of Latent Properties
- Applying the Toolchain
- Preliminaries
- Phase I: Syntax and Consistency Check (Cyclops)
- Phase II: Semantics and Type Check (Cyclops)
- Phase III: Model Translation
- Phase IV: Discovery of Latent System Properties (Marple)
- Discussion
- Syntax and Semantics Defects
- Latent Property Detection
- Conclusions
- References
- Defining MARTE's VSL as an Extension of Alf
- Introduction
- Why VSL Should Be Defined as an Extension of Alf?
- Comparison of VSL and Alf Type Systems
- Type-Specific Rules
- Metatype-Specific Rules
- Generic Rules
- Summary of the Comparison
- A Definition of VSL as an Extension of Alf
- Refactoring of VSL Types and Metatypes
- Extension of Alf Syntactic Rules
- Extension of Alf Type System
- Prototype Implementation
- Conclusion
- References
- Using Delta Model for Collaborative Work of Industrial Large-Scaled E/E Architecture Models
- Introduction
- Related Work
- Overview of the Collaborative Modeling Environment
- The Use of Delta Model
- Delta Model in Generic Form
- Principle of Delta Model
- Model Transition between Different Model States
- Discussion and Future Work
- References
- Author Index
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