The Structure of Mehri

Name: The Structure of Mehri
Brand: Harrassowitz Verlag
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Janet C. E. Watson(Author)

Harrassowitz Verlag

1st Edition

Published on 1. June 2014

XXVIII, 479 pages

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978-3-447-19255-2 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Contents
Tables
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
0 Introduction
0.1 Background
0.1.1 Modern South Arabian
0.1.2 Background to the study
0.2 The study
0.3 Data sources
0.4 Language consultants
0.4.1 Mahriyot speakers
0.4.2 Mehreyyet speakers
0.5 Data collection and methodology
0.5.1 Presentation of data
0.6 Texts
1 Overview of phonetics and phonology
1.1 The melody
1.1.1 Consonants
1.1.1.1 Description of the consonants
1.1.1.2 Phonological patterning of the 'emphatics'
1.1.1.3 Gemination
1.1.1.3.1 Lexical geminates
1.1.1.3.2 Phonologically motivated gemination
1.1.1.3.3 Morphologically motivated gemination
1.1.2 Vowels
1.1.2.1 Short vowels
1.1.2.2 Long vowels
1.1.2.3 Diphthongs and diphthongisation
1.2 Prosodic phenomena
1.2.1 Syllable structure
1.2.2 Phonotactics
1.2.3 Word stress
1.2.3.1 Exceptions to the stress algorithm
1.3 Phonological processes
1.3.1 Melodic processes
1.3.1.1 /l/ vocalisation in Mehreyyet
1.3.1.2 /r/ deletion in Mehreyyet
1.3.2 Prosodic processes
1.3.2.1 Syncope
1.3.2.2 Epenthesis
1.3.2.3 Long-vowel shortening
1.3.2.4 Degemination
1.3.2.5 *V-V reduction
1.3.2.6 Coronal elision
1.3.2.7 Syllable contact and sonorant metathesis
1.3.2.8 Pre-pausal glottalisation
2 Grammatical categories
2.1 Grammatical and morphological categories
2.2 Non-concatenative and concatenative morphology
2.3 Nouns
2.3.1 Proper nouns
2.3.1.1 Personal names
2.3.1.2 Tribe names
2.3.1.3 Place names
2.3.1.4 Names of months
2.3.1.5 Names of stars
2.3.1.6 Camel lines
2.3.2 Common nouns
2.3.2.1 Concrete nouns
2.3.2.1.1 Count nouns
2.3.2.1.2 Collective nouns
2.3.2.1.3 Mass nouns
2.3.3 Abstract nouns
2.3.4 Diminutive nouns
2.3.5 Definiteness
2.4 Pronouns
2.4.1 Personal pronouns
2.4.1.1 Independent pronouns
2.4.1.2 Dependent pronouns
2.4.1.2.1 (a)-type pronouns
2.4.1.2.2 (b)-type pronouns
2.4.1.2.3 (c)-type pronouns
2.4.2 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns
2.4.3 Indefinite pronouns
2.4.4 Demonstrative pronouns
2.4.4.1 Diminutive demonstrative pronouns
2.4.5 Interrogative pronouns
2.5 Verbs
2.5.1 True verbs
2.5.1.1 Verb stems
2.5.1.2 Terminology
2.5.1.3 Aspect and mood
2.5.1.3.1 Perfect aspect
2.5.1.3.2 Imperfect aspect and mood
2.5.1.3.2.1 Indicative
2.5.1.3.2.2 Subjunctive
2.5.1.3.2.3 Conditional
2.5.1.4 Voice
2.5.1.5 The expression of time
2.5.2 Future participle
2.5.3 Valency
2.6 Modifiers
2.6.1 Adjectives
2.6.1.1 Basic declinable adjectives
2.6.1.2 Diminutive adjectives
2.6.1.3 Undeclinable adjectives
2.6.1.4 Elatives
2.6.2 Non-numerical quantifiers
2.6.3 Numerical quantifiers
2.6.3.1 Cardinals
2.6.3.2 Ordinals
2.6.3.3 Fractions
2.7 Prepositions
2.8 Adverbs
2.8.1 Diminutive adverbs
2.8.2 Interrogative adverbs
2.8.2.1 wkoh
2.8.2.2 hiboh
2.8.2.3 mayt ~ maytan
2.8.2.4 h? ~ ??
2.8.2.5 kam
2.8.3 Adverbial particles
2.8.3.1 bar
2.8.3.2 ?ad (ad)
2.8.3.3 fona
2.8.3.4 asa?m-PRONOUN
2.8.3.5 mad
2.8.4 Epistemic adverbs
2.8.5 Modal particles
2.8.5.1 sad ~ sadi wa-lu ~ waddar wa-lu
2.8.5.2 taww
2.8.5.3 y?a?an
2.9 Minor categories
2.9.1 Conjunctions
2.9.2 Accusative affix ta
2.9.3 Adjunctions
2.9.4 Disjuncts
2.9.5 Other particles and affixes
2.9.5.1 ?a
2.9.5.2 Existential particle
2.9.5.3 Vocative particle
2.9.5.4 Negative and positive response particles
2.9.5.5 Frozen imperatives
2.9.5.6 Exclamations
2.9.5.6.1 snaykam bi-
2.9.5.6.2 ?aysawf
2.9.5.6.3 (ya)??ab
2.9.5.6.4 kan
2.9.5.6.5 ya maCCaC
3 Attribution
3.1 Adjectival and demonstrative attribution
3.1.1 Adjectival attribute
3.1.2 Attribution to dual nouns
3.1.3 Undeclinable adjectives
3.1.4 Intensifiers as attributes
3.1.5 Cardinal attributes
3.1.6 Demonstrative attribute
3.1.7 Diminutive nouns
3.1.8 Multiple adjectival attributes
3.1.9 PP attribute
3.1.10 ?a-phrase
3.1.10.1 Possession
3.1.10.2 Kinship
3.1.10.3 Membership and position
3.1.10.4 Measure and content
3.1.10.5 Description
3.1.10.6 Origin
3.1.10.7 Partition
3.1.10.8 Apposition
3.1.10.9 Subjective/objective relationships
3.1.10.10 Attributive PPs and adverbs
3.1.10.11 Attribution to positional adverbs
3.1.10.12 Verbal attributes
3.1.10.13 Pre-posed attributive phrase
3.1.10.14 Lack of head noun
3.2 Attributive clauses
3.2.1 Definite head noun
3.2.2 Indefinite head noun
3.2.3 Mandatory syndetic linkage of attributive clause
3.2.4 Anaphora in the attributive clause
3.2.5 Lack of head noun
3.3 Noun attribution and apposition
3.3.1 Appellation
3.3.2 Designation
3.3.3 Identification
3.3.3.1 Definite apposed term-definite appositive
3.3.3.2 Indefinite apposed term-definite appositive
3.3.3.3 Indefinite apposed term-indefinite appositive
3.3.4 Exemplification
3.3.5 Reformulation
3.3.6 Emphatic apposition
3.3.6.1 Apposition of independent pronouns
3.3.6.2 kall
3.3.6.3 wa?s- and ?nof
3.3.6.4 ba?s ?(bas)
3.3.6.5 zammat (azammet)
4 Annexion
4.1 Nominal annexion
4.1.1 Nouns obliged to take noun annexes
4.1.1.1 bar and bart
4.1.1.2 bit (bit ~ bayt)
4.1.1.3 ba?l (ba?l ~ bal)
4.1.1.4 mant ~ bant ~ bat (bati ~ ba?ti)
4.1.2 Nouns obliged to take personal pronoun annexes
4.1.2.1 ?nof
4.1.2.2 wa?s
4.1.3 Nouns which optionally take noun annexes
4.1.3.1 Quantifiers
4.1.3.2 Cardinal numerals
4.1.4 Occasional annexion phrases
4.2 Prepositional annexion
4.2.1 Clitic prepositions
4.2.2 Phonologically independent prepositions
4.2.3 Allomorphs and cooccurrence restrictions
4.2.4 Prepositional phrases in context
5 Complementation
5.1 Objects
5.1.1 Word order
5.1.2 Reflexive pronouns
5.1.3 Reciprocal pronouns
5.1.4 Personal pronouns
5.1.4.1 Direct suffixation
5.1.4.2 Suffixation via ta-
5.1.4.3 Word order
5.1.5 Double objects
5.1.6 PP and adverbial objects
5.1.7 Object clauses
5.1.7.1 Verbs of utterance
5.1.7.2 Verbs of perception
5.1.7.2.1 Paratactic linkage
5.1.7.2.2 Hypotactic linkage
5.1.7.3 Verbs of volition, ability, daring, deciding and manipulation
5.1.7.3.1 Verbs of volition
5.1.7.3.2 Verbs of ability
5.1.7.3.3 Verb of daring
5.1.7.3.4 Verbs of deciding, determining, persuasion and manipulation
5.1.7.4 Object clauses of other transitive verbs
5.2 Complements
5.2.1 Adverbial noun complements
5.2.2 The internal object
5.2.3 PP complements
5.2.3.1 Double PP complements
5.2.4 Predicative complements
5.2.4.1 Subjective complements
5.2.4.2 Objective complements
5.2.4.3 Prepositional annex complements
6 Predication
6.1 The predicand and predicate
6.1.1 The predicand
6.1.2 The predicate
6.2 Nominal clauses
6.2.1 Proper inclusion
6.2.2 Equational clauses
6.2.3 Clauses of attribution
6.2.4 Word order
6.3 Locational clauses
6.3.1 Existential clauses
6.3.2 Clauses of possession
6.3.2.1 Focus on possessee
6.3.2.1.1 Alienable possession
6.3.2.1.2 Inalienable possession
6.3.2.2 Focus on possessor
6.3.3 Location clauses
6.3.4 Clauses of accompaniment
6.3.5 Comparative clauses
6.4 Copula
6.4.1 Main clause to adverbial clause
6.4.2 Following a focussed adverbial or topic
6.4.3 Within a main clause
6.4.4 Future and past time
6.4.5 Modality
6.5 bar as modifier of the predicand
6.6 Incomplete predication
6.6.1 Ellipsis of the predicate
6.6.2 Predicand-less predication
6.7 Verbal clauses
6.7.1 Agreement within verbal clauses
6.7.2 Predicand-less verbal clauses
6.7.3 Word order
6.7.3.1 SVO word order
6.7.3.1.1 Narrative-initial
6.7.3.1.2 Substantive predicand
6.7.3.1.3 Quantifiers, pronouns and demonstratives
6.7.3.2 VS(O) and VOS word order
6.7.3.2.1 VS(O)/VOS within narratives
6.7.3.2.2 Indefinite predicand
6.7.3.2.3 Coordinate complex predicands
6.7.3.3 Word order in adverbial clauses
6.7.3.4 VOS ~ VPPS in greeting routines
6.8 Subject clauses
6.9 Topic-comment clauses
6.9.1 Topic followed by independent pronoun
6.9.2 Topic followed by annexion phrase
6.9.3 Topic followed by VP
6.9.4 Double topics
6.9.5 Post-posed topic
6.9.6 Post-posed anaphoric pronoun
7 Coordination
7.1 Coordination facts
7.1.1 Asymmetry between conjuncts
7.1.2 Ellipsis in coordination
7.1.3 Anaphora in coordination
7.2 Syndetic coordination
7.2.1 Noun phrases
7.2.1.1 Order and partial agreement in coordination of NPs
7.2.2 Adjective phrases
7.2.3 Adverbs and adverbial phrases
7.2.4 Verb phrases
7.2.5 Clauses
7.2.5.1 Nominal clauses
7.2.5.2 Locational clauses
7.2.5.3 Verbal clauses
7.2.5.4 Negative phrases and clauses
7.2.5.5 Conjunction of clausal conjuncts of differing types
7.2.6 Multiple conjuncts
7.2.7 Embedded coordination
7.2.8 Coordinated attributes and distributive readings
7.2.9 The relationship between conjuncts
7.2.9.1 Simultaneity
7.2.9.2 Sequence
7.2.9.3 Consequence
7.2.9.4 Adversity
7.2.9.5 Reason
7.2.9.6 Alternation
7.2.9.7 Listing
7.2.10 Adversative conjuncts
7.2.10.1 lakan and lahinna
7.2.10.2 ar and ar his
7.2.10.3 amma, makan, makanay ~ makani
7.2.10.4 madani
7.2.11 Disjunctive conjunctions
7.2.11.1 Exclusive alternation
7.2.11.2 Inclusive alternation
7.2.11.3 Sequences of alternative conjuncts
7.3 Polycoordination
7.3.1 aw ... aw ~ wala ... wala ~ wali ... wali
7.3.2 ya ... ya
7.3.3 swe ~ amma ... ya
7.3.4 Pronoun ... ya
7.3.5 Asyndetic polycoordination
7.3.6 Sequences of polycoordinated conjuncts
7.4 Asyndetic coordination
7.4.1 Apposition
7.4.2 Asyndetic linkage of adjectives
7.4.3 Counting
7.4.4 Alternation
7.4.5 Reformulation
7.4.6 Sequence
7.4.7 Reason or consequence
7.4.8 Adversity
7.4.9 Asyndetic linkage of imperatives
7.4.10 Repetition
7.4.10.1 Intensity
7.4.10.2 Intensity of number
7.4.10.3 Repeated action
7.4.10.4 Distributive effect
7.4.11 Asyndetic coordination within narratives
8 Negation
8.1 Negation of the predicate
8.1.1 Predicate negation in Mahriyot
8.1.2 Predicate negation in Mehreyyet
8.1.3 Indefinite pronoun predicand
8.1.4 Coordinated clauses
8.1.5 Negation within comment of topic-comment clause
8.1.6 ?ad (ad) ... la structures
8.1.6.1 ?ad (ad) la
8.1.6.2 l-?ad (l-ad)
8.1.7 Word order
8.2 Constituent negation
8.3 Absolute negation
8.4 Negative command
8.5 Exception clauses
8.6 Fixed phrases and clauses and coordinated clauses and phrases
8.6.1 Fixed negative phrases and clauses
8.6.2 Coordinated negated clauses
8.6.3 Coordinated negated phrases
8.6.4 Coordinated positive-negative clauses and phrases
8.6.5 Other cases of monopartite pre-negation
8.7 Tag questions
8.8 Negation through non-l-based particles
8.8.1 man ~ ma
8.8.2 ma?a? (ma?a ~ ma?a?)
8.8.3 gayr ~ gar
8.9 Emphasis of negation
8.9.1 si
8.9.2 lob and waylob
8.9.3 abdan
8.9.4 bahaw
8.10 Conclusion
8.11 Negation in context
8.11.1 Ali Musallam cat story
8.11.1.1 Ali Musallam cat story. Translation
9 Supplementation
9.1 Adverbs
9.1.1 Adverbs of time
9.1.1.1 Point in time
9.1.1.2 Days of the week and phrases with reference to the hour
9.1.1.3 Boundary in time
9.1.1.4 Duration
9.1.1.5 Frequency
9.1.2 Adverbs of place
9.1.2.1 Location
9.1.2.2 Direction
9.1.3 Adverbs of manner and comparison
9.1.4 Adverbs of means and instrument
9.1.5 Adverbs of degree and quantity
9.1.5.1 Intensifiers
9.1.5.1.1 Heighteners of intensity
9.1.5.1.2 Lowerers of intensity
9.1.5.2 Quantifiers
9.1.6 Adverbs of reason and purpose
9.1.6.1 Purpose
9.1.6.2 Reason
9.1.7 Adverbs of focus
9.1.7.1 Limiter adverbs: Exclusives
9.1.7.2 Limiter adverbs: Particularisers
9.1.7.3 Additive adverbs
9.1.8 Epistemic adverbs
9.1.8.1 bar
9.1.8.2 mxa??ar
9.1.8.3 saf
9.1.8.4 madani
9.1.8.5 xaf
9.1.8.6 adamm-PRONOUN
9.1.8.7 wala
9.1.9 Disjuncts
9.1.9.1 Content disjuncts
9.1.9.1.1 xarana
9.1.9.1.2 xayban
9.1.9.1.3 ya?ol ~ ya?ol ~ ya?awl
9.1.9.1.4 his taww
9.1.9.1.5 man ?ruh, bi-?aynha and wa-l-?ayrab
9.1.9.2 Filler disjuncts
9.1.9.2.1 axah
9.1.9.2.2 hawba
9.2 Adverbial clauses
9.2.1 Clauses of time
9.2.1.1 mi?
9.2.1.2 wat and his
9.2.1.3 ?bor
9.2.1.4 at-ta (ta)
9.2.1.5 han and ham
9.2.1.6 man his
9.2.2 Clauses of place
9.2.3 Clauses of degree and quantity
9.2.4 Clauses of manner and comparison
9.2.5 Clauses of purpose and reason
9.2.5.1 Clauses of purpose
9.2.5.2 Clauses of reason
9.2.5.3 Paratactic linkage of clauses of purpose
9.2.6 Clauses of negative purpose
9.2.7 Clauses of concession
9.2.8 Clauses of condition and conditional sentences
9.2.8.1 Factual conditions
9.2.8.1.1 Verbal protasis, future participle apodasis
9.2.8.1.2 Verbal protasis, imperfect apodasis
9.2.8.1.3 Verbal protasis, non-verbal apodasis
9.2.8.1.4 Non-verbal protasis, future participle apodasis
9.2.8.1.5 Non-verbal protasis, imperfect apodasis
9.2.8.1.6 Non-verbal protasis, non-verbal apodasis
9.2.8.1.7 Word order
9.2.8.2 Counterfactual conditions
9.2.8.3 Paratactic conditional clauses
9.2.9 Clauses of universal condition-concession
9.2.9.1 Time
9.2.9.2 Place
9.2.9.3 Identity
9.2.10 Clauses of circumstance
9.2.10.1 Circumstantial event or state is simultaneous with main clause
9.2.10.2 Circumstance results from event or state anterior to main clause
10 Oral texts
10.1 Mahriyot texts
10.1.1 Text 01. Ba Nuwas and the bean
10.1.1.1 Text 01. Ba Nuwas and the bean. Translation
10.1.2 Text 02. Sea story
10.1.2.1 Text 02. Sea story. Translation
10.2 Mehreyyet texts from mountain region around Dhofar
10.2.1 Text 01. Father story
10.2.1.1 Text 01. Father story. Translation
10.2.2 Text 02. The hajj by foot
10.2.2.1 Text 02. The hajj by foot. Translation
10.2.3 Text 03. Ship story
10.2.3.1 Text 03. Ship story. Translation
10.2.4 Text 04. Cat story
10.2.4.1 Text 04. Cat story. Translation
10.3 Mehreyyet text from Slaym
10.3.1 Text 01. Camel beauty competitions
10.3.1.1 Text 01. Camel beauty competitions. Translation
10.4 Mehreyyet texts from Rabkut
10.4.1 Text 01. Hyena story
10.4.1.1 Text 01. Hyena story. Translation
10.4.2 Text 02. Wadi story
10.4.2.1 Text 02. Wadi story. Translation
10.4.3 Text 03. Hajj story
10.4.3.1 Text 03. Hajj story. Translation
10.4.4 Text 04. Goats
10.4.4.1 Text 04. Goats. Translation
10.4.5 Text 05. The car
10.4.5.1 Text 05. The car. Translation
References
Index
Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1: Mahriyot consonants
Table 2: Mehreyyet consonants
Table 3: Mahriyot paradigm of a??o?ar 'to be embarrassed
Table 4: Mehreyyet diphthongs
Chapter 2
Table 1: Consonantal roots and templates
Table 2: Mahriyot diminutive demonstratives and locatives
Table 3: Mehreyyet elatives
Table 4: Mahriyot nominal broken plurals
Table 5: Mahriyot nominal broken plurals 2
Table 6: Mahriyot mood distinctions
Table 7: Mahriyot gender-number distinctions
Table 8: Mehreyyet gender-number distinctions
Table 9: Mahriyot derivation of plural diminutives
Table 10: Mahriyot paradigm of xdom 'to work' perfect aspect
Table 11: Mehreyyet paradigm of xdum 'to work' perfect aspect
Table 12: Mahriyot living objects
Table 13: Mehreyyet living objects
Table 14: Mahriyot non-living objects
Table 15: Mehreyyet non-living objects
Table 16: Mahriyot mass nouns
Table 17: Mehreyyet mass nouns
Table 18: Abstract nouns
Table 19: Mehreyyet definite article
Table 20: Mahriyot independent pronouns
Table 21: Mehreyyet independent pronouns
Table 22: Mahriyot (a)-type dependent pronouns
Table 23: Mahriyot object pronouns to sbo? 'he/they f. hit'
Table 24: Mahriyot object pronouns to fin 'before, in front of'
Table 25: Mahriyot object pronouns attached to ta-
Table 26: Mehreyyet (a)-type dependent pronouns
Table 27: Mehreyyet object pronouns to wzum 'he/they f. gave'
Table 28: Mehreyyet dependent pronouns to sar 'behind'
Table 29: Mehreyyet object pronouns attached to ta-
Tables XXITable 30: Mahriyot (b)-type dependent pronouns
Table 31: Mahriyot possessive pronouns to singular noun bayt 'house'
Table 32: Mahriyot possessive pronouns to singular noun ja?let 'clay pot'
Table 33: Mahriyot dependent pronouns to ?bel 'in front of'
Table 34: Mahriyot object pronouns to ?abrot 'she broke'
Table 35: Mehreyyet (b)-type dependent pronouns
Table 36: Mehreyyet possessive pronouns to singular noun ibit 'camel'
Table 37: Mehreyyet dependent pronouns to ?bat 'in front of'
Table 38: Mehreyyet object pronouns to yikob 'he thought'
Table 39: Mehreyyet object pronouns to radiw 'they m. threw'
Table 40: Mehreyyet object pronouns to silloh 'they m.DUAL took'
Table 41: Mahriyot (c)-type dependent pronouns
Table 42: Mahriyot possessive pronouns to xlowa? 'dresses'
Table 43: Mahriyot possessive pronouns to sef 'hair'
Table 44: Mahriyot dependent pronouns to twel 'towards'
Table 45: Mehreyyet (c)-type dependent pronouns
Table 46: Mehreyyet possessive pronouns to ?abun 'children'
Table 47: Mehreyyet possessive pronouns to ?adutan 'hands'
Table 48: Mehreyyet dependent pronouns to nxali 'under'
Table 49: Mahriyot reciprocal pronouns
Table 50: Mehreyyet reciprocal pronouns
Table 51: Mahriyot demonstrative pronouns
Table 52: Mehreyyet demonstrative pronouns
Table 53: Mahriyot subject pronoun suffixes perfect aspect
Table 54: Mehreyyet subject pronoun suffixes perfect aspect
Table 55: Mahriyot paradigm of ksuh 'to find' perfect aspect
Table 56: Mehreyyet paradigm of ksuh 'to find' perfect aspect
Table 57: Mahriyot subject pronoun affixes indicative
Table 58: Mehreyyet subject pronoun affixes indicative
Table 59: Mahriyot paradigm of wkob 'to enter' indicative
Table 60: Mehreyyet paradigm of wkub 'to enter' indicative
Table 61: Mahriyot subject pronoun affixes indicative L-, B-type S- And B-type T-stems
Table 62: Mehreyyet subject pronoun affixes indicative L-, B-type S- and B-type T-stems
Table 63: Mahriyot paradigm of assofar 'to travel' indicative
Table 64: Mehreyyet paradigm of (a)sofar 'to travel' indicative
Table 65: Mahriyot subject pronoun affixes subjunctive
Table 66: Mehreyyet subject pronoun affixes subjunctive basic verb types A and B
Table 67: Mehreyyet subject pronoun affixes subjunctive derived verbs, basic stem passive verb
Table 68: Mahriyot paradigm of sbo? 'to hit TRNS' imperfect
Table 69: Mehreyyet paradigm of akkaluh (& *hakluh) 'to bring [camels/goats] back early evening' imperfect
Table 70: Future participles: Basic verbs
Table 71: Future participles: Derived verbs
Table 72: Mahriyot basic declinable adjectives
Table 73: Mehreyyet basic declinable adjectives
Table 74: Diminutive colour adjectives
Table 75: Non-numerical quantifiers
Table 76: Cardinal numerals 1-10
Table 77: Mehreyyet cardinal numerals 11-20
Table 78: Ordinals
Table 79: Fractions
Table 80: Adverbs of location/direction
Table 81: Adverbs of time: Adjuncts, basic adverbs
Table 82: Adverbs of time: Adjuncts, grammaticalised adverbs
Table 83: Adverbs of time: Conjuncts
Table 84: Adverbs of manner/degree
Table 85: Adjunctions
Chapter 4
Table 1: Mahriyot prepositions
Table 2: Mehreyyet prepositions

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The Structure of Mehri

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