The Development of Romance Clitic Pronouns

Name: The Development of Romance Clitic Pronouns | From Latin to Old Romance
Brand: De Gruyter Mouton
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From Latin to Old Romance

Dieter Wanner(Author)

De Gruyter Mouton (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 8. September 2011

XXXVI, 662 pages

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978-3-11-089306-9 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
List of tables
Introduction
List of symbolizations
Chapter 1: The problem
1. Setting
1.1 Romance concordance
1.2 Latin situation
1.3 Transition
1.4 Space of this study and fragility of the task
1.5 Good documentation in Romance
1.6 Synchrony = diachrony
1.7 General interest in clitics
2. The present study
2.1 Organization: Background chapters 1 to 3
2.2 Original contributions: Chapters 4 to 9
2.3 Data and theory
2.4 Theoretical stance of this study
2.5 Componential clitic analysis
2.6 Diachronic principles
2.7 Weakened theoretical claims through diachronic considerations
2.8 Synchronic weakening as a consequence
2.9 Exclusions from this study
2.10 General contributions
Notes
Chapter 2: Clitic elements
1. Terminology
1.1 Cliticness in linguistics
1.2 Cliticness in philology
1.3 Greek origin
1.4 Romance clitic studies
1.5 Clitics in transformational grammar
1.6 Recent investigative concentrations
2. Italian special clitics
2.1 Clitic features
2.2 Specialness
2.3 Clitics are not purely morphological
2.4 Clitics are not purely syntactic
2.5 Clitics are not purely phonological
2.6 Similar clitics in other Romance languages
2.7 Componentiality
3. Other clitic types
3.1 Special clitics in Italian vs. simple clitics in English
3.2 Simple clitics in German
3.3 Verbal simple clitics
3.4 Variable clitic status for special clitics
3.5 Subtypes of special clitics: It. loro, Pashto
3.6 Walbiri, Somali
4. Peripheral clitic elements
4.1 Articles
4.2 Spanish reinforced article
4.3 Prepositions
4.4 Complementizers
4.5 Verbal particles
4.6 Preposizione articolata
4.7 Serbo-Croatian negative auxiliary verbs
4.8 Word character of clitics
4.9 Separation from derivational morphology
5. Towards a framework for clitics
5.1 Cliticness
5.2 Primary component parameters
5.3 Secondary component parameters
5.4 Tasks and problems
5.5 General operational properties of the system
5.6 Latin to Romance transition: General characterization
Notes
Chapter 3: Clitics in Latin
1. Background
1.1 Latin and Romance clitics
1.2 Different Latin phases: Evolution
1.3 Origin of clitic movement
1.4 Definite article
1.5 Typology and continuity
1.6 Exclusions
2. Special enclitics of Latin
2.1 Enclitics and stress adjustments
2.2 Second position (2P) = Wackernagel's law (W)
2.3 Enclitic alternations
3. Pronouns as clitics
3.1 Forms for I, II, and III reflexive
3.2 Forms of III
3.3 Other Latin clitics and clitic-like elements
3.4 Prosodic summary
4. Indo-European background
4.1 Pronouns in PIE, Greek, and Sanskrit
4.2 Pronoun prosody
4.3 W is not a rhythmical, but a syntactic principle
4.4 Second position
5. Evolution of pronoun forms from Latin to Romance
5.1 Third person forms
5.2 Case syncretism
5.3 Formal tendencies
6. Demonstratives from Latin to Romance: Outline
6.1 Determinative confusions
6.2 Clitic pronoun vs. definite article
7. Latin demonstratives
7.1 Overlapping
7.2 Three-step to two-step system
7.3 Formal restrictions and insufficiencies
7.4 Numerical considerations
7.5 Discussion of frequency tables
7.6 Summary
8. Article development in Late Latin
8.1 Origin and setting of article
8.2 Article in IE
8.3 Article use and regularity
8.4 Gelenkspartikel
8.5 Greek influence
8.6 Article linearization
8.7 ille vs. ipse
9. Demonstratives developing into clitics
9.1 Romance = Latin
lack of bridging documentation
9.2 Special clitics as a stable endpoint of evolution
Notes
Chapter 4: The new analysis
1. The previous analysis of proto-Romance pronouns: Ramsden 1963
1.1 Ramsden's central role
1.2 The thirteen categories of Ramsden 1963
1.3 Late Latin evolution according to Ramsden 1963
1.4 Ramsden's theory of cliticization
1.5 Critique of cliticization theory
1.6 Needed improvements
2. The logic of the new analysis
2.1 General hypothesis
Latin to Romance transition
2.2 Quantification and non-categorical status
2.3 Forms
2.4 Prosodic downgrading
2.5 ille as a proto-clitic
3. Syntactic classification of the data
3.1 Placement classes
3.2 Left context
3.3 Special arrangements for non-finite verbs
3.4 Classificatory grid
4. Text selection
4.1 Criteria for text inclusion
4.2 Text classes
4.3 Characterization of text classes CL, TN, VG, CX, BX, and HL
4.4 Text class supersedes chronology
Notes
Chapter 5: Clitic placement and linearization
1. Old Romance norms
1.1 Old Romance unity
1.2 Clitic placement
1.3 Clitic linearization: TM classes I-V for enclisis
1.4 Clitic linearization: TM class VI for proclisis
1.5 No ideal solution
1.6 Idealized categorical structure
2. Latin conditions
2.1 Context options grid
2.2 Clause delimitation
2.3 Definition of 'second position'
2.4 Syntactic conception of 2P
2.5 String analysis illustrations for 2P
2.6 String definition of VB and 2ND hypotheses
2.7 Sample sentences for string analysis
3. Data analysis
3.1 Data description
3.2 Text class behavior for VB and 2ND
3.3 Text class behavior for PRO
3.4 Text class behavior for separation
3.5 General characteristics
3.6 Categorial context formulae for Latin and Romance
3.7 Scaling procedures
3.8 Single parameter approximations
3.9 Discussion of 2ND
3.10 Discussion of VB
3.11 Discussion of PRO
3.12 Combined contextual parameters
3.13 Best proto-Romance approximations
3.14 Importance of Greek influence
3.15 Internal Latin origin of proto-Romance features
4. Style level considerations
4.1 Chronology and text group connections
4.2 Special character of Biblical language
4.3 Biblical pronoun syntax as a Hebraism
4.4 Augustinus: Internal style level changes
5. Origin of enclisis after et (TM class II)
5.1 Data from supplementary investigation
5.2 Proclisis after cj, rel, and et
5.3 Latin prefiguration of TM II
6. The function of neutral placement cases
6.1 Correlations between the main parameters VB, 2ND, and PRO
6.2 Transition from 2ND to VB through neutral placement
6.3 Passive approximation of verb to pronoun
7. Transition from Latin pronoun placement to Old Romance norms. A synthesis
7.1 Pronoun weakening, verb juxtaposition, and cliticization
7.2 Typological explanations
7.3 Intersection of 2ND and VB
7.4 VB extensions over 2ND
7.5 Early proto-Romance approximations
7.6 Submerged linguistic features
7.7 Gradual surface change vs. abstract discontinuities
7.8 Emergence of Romance attestations
Notes
Chapter 6: Nonfinite host verbs
1. Differences between finite and nonfinite host verbs
1.1 Narrow scope for nonfinite analysis
1.2 Romance nonfinite form use: Auxiliated constructions
1.3 Romance absolute constructions
1.4 Old Italian advanced linearization
1.5 Old Spanish linearization conditions
1.6 Auxiliated nonfinite forms in Latin
1.7 Latin absolute constructions
1.8 Continuity from Latin to Romance
2. Data discussion
2.1 Description of data appendices
2.2 VB, 2ND, and PRO parameters for participial forms
2.3 VB, 2ND, and PRO parameters for infinitival host verb forms
3. Imperatives as host verbs
3.1 Old Italian imperative-plus-clitic structures
3.2 Evolutionary constants
Notes
Chapter 7: Clitic movement
1. Clitic movement in modern Romance
1.1 Description of clitic movement in Italian
1.2 Structural approaches
1.3 Semantic approach
1.4 Essential properties of CM
2. Clitic movement in Old Romance
2.1 Preponderance of +CM in Old Italian
2.2 Old Italian CM predicates
2.3 Extension to Old Romance
2.4 Structural limits of CM
2.5 Old Romance norm
2.6 CM from Old to modern Romance
2.7 Late Latin prefiguration of CM: A hypothesis
3. Latin infinitival constructions
3.1 CM is not defined in Latin
3.2 Latin infinitive types
3.3 a.c.i. constructions
3.4 n.c.i. and passive of a.c.i
3.5 a.c.i. and pure infinitives
3.6 Omission of subject accusative in a.c.i
3.7 An attempt at integrating Latin infinitives
4. Analytical categories
4.1 General organization
4.2 Pronoun classes
4.3 String types
4.4 Derivation types and rules
4.5 Clause level distinction
4.6 Proto-Romance CM classification
4.7 Rule application and typical strings
5. Analysis of new data
5.1 Organization of structural tables
5.2 String analysis: S level sequence
5.3 Frequency tables
5.4 Direct transition hypothesis: ob.inf behavior
5.5 Latin CM prefiguration: Pronoun functions
5.6 Latin CM prefiguration: Derivation types
5.7 VG as proto-Romance
5.8 Restructuring function
5.9 Split Latin - Romance
5.10 InvCM pronoun functions and prefiguration
6. Interpretation of Late Latin CM prefiguration
6.1 Contiguity /l c/: Accidental extraposition result
6.2 Implications: Pronoun class differences
6.3 Contiguity /c l/: Clause dissolution through restructuring
6.4 Implications of dissolution hypothesis
6.5 Effective Late Latin prefiguration of CM
6.6 V1 class composition for major classes
6.7 su.aci- = su.aci+
6.8 Two pronouns in a string: Same function
6.9 Two pronouns in a string: Unlike functions
7. Transition of Latin into Romance CM patterns
7.1 The group /l c/, /c l/ specific to a.c.i
7.2 a.c.i. survivals in Romance
7.3 The group /l 2/ characteristic of Romance
7.4 CM depends on TM placement/linearization
7.5 Necessary lack of transition documentation
Notes
Chapter 8: Verb position
1. Received opinions on Latin verb position
1.1 Verb position as a determinant of clitic placement
1.2 Typological problems with Latin word order
1.3 Descriptions of Latin verb position
1.4 Verb shifts in Late Latin
1.5 Initial and medial verb position
1.6 Functional constituent order
1.7 Text class differences
1.8 Summary of typological analyses
1.9 The new analysis
2. Old Romance verb position
2.1 Initial verb
2.2 Verb in second position
3. Parameters of the new investigation
3.1 Three verb positions: Final, initial, medial
3.2 The corpus
3.3 Latin/Romance intersection of verb and clitic place
3.4 Tabulation of frequencies
3.5 Scaling algorithms
3.6 Summary tabulation
4. Data analysis
4.1 Dominant string types: U derivations
4.2 Dominant string types: +/+ configurations
4.3 General trends of Late Latin verb and clitic placement
4.4 Approximations to Romance
4.5 Internal structure of U, F, and D string clauses
4.6 D derivations as a functional constant component
4.7 F derivations increase heavily in more spontaneous registers
4.8 U derivations as consistent main stay
4.9 Importance of U+/+: Short clauses
4.10 Three factors of proto-Romance verb and clitic place evolution
4.11 Reconstructed transition from SOV to SVO typology
4.12 Concluding summary on verb placement
Notes
Chapter 9: Implications
1. Proto-clitics in Late Latin
1.1 The proto-clitic hypothesis
1.2 Late Latin level differences
1.3 Transition to Romance
1.4 Greek catalytic influence
2. Derivation path from Latin to Romance
2.1 Restatement of chapter conclusions
2.2 Active vs. adaptive changes
2.3 Chronological considerations
2.4 Derivation of TM conditions
2.5 Other clitic aspects
2.6 Continuity vs. innovation
3. Conception of clitic space
3.1 Componential clitic description
3.2 Multiple subcomponents for clitic syntax
3.3 Demarcation to non-clitics
3.4 Clitic syntax as extended normal syntax
3.5 Clitic development
3.6 Clitic attachment: Prosody vs. syntax
4. Wider consequences for linguistic conceptualization
4.1 Regularity
4.2 Quantification
4.3 Relativization of grammatical status
4.4 Considerations for another diachronic framework
4.5 Clitic development in a new light
4.6 Final remarks
Notes
Appendices
1 Italian object and adverbial clitic forms
1-a Elision and gliding
1-b Other phonetic adjustments
1-c Special restrictions
1-d Linearization with imperatives
1-e Clitic movement
2 Text lists for (Late) Latin corpus
2-a Text list according to class/identification number
2-b Alphabetical list of abbreviatory symbols for text identification
2-c Main list of text sources
2-d Selected bibliographical materials for individual texts
3 Frequency count for placement/linearization corpus
4 Conformity with hypotheses VB, 2ND, PRO for finite verbs
4-a Percentage of conformity with VB in given context
4-b Percentage of conformity with 2ND in given context
4-c Percentage of conformity with PRO in given context
4-d Summary of scaled class averages X
4-e Summary of realized class average scalings
4-f Summary of scaling marks for VB, 2ND, and PRO per text
5 Data tables for et effect (context 2: [s - )
5-a Base data tabulation for secondary investigation of context 2 = [ c -
5-b Percentages for subclasses of context 2 = [ c - concerning PRO and separation
6 Conformity to VB, 2ND, PRO for participles
6-a Selected texts from corpus in App. 3
6-b Additional PR texts
6-c Summary of class averages (participles vs. finite verbs)
7 Conformity to VB, 2ND, PRO for infinitives
7-a Selected texts from corpus in App. 3
7-b Placement and linearization parameters VB, 2ND, and PRO for objects of infinitives
7-c Summary of class averages (infinitives vs. finite verbs)
8 Data for clitic movement
9 Clitic movement corpus rearranged by pronoun function
10 Percentages of CM derivation types by pronoun function
11 Predicates V1 admitting CM
12 Verb position typology: Frequencies and percentages
12-a Percentage figures for verb position per text class
12-b Table vi: Summary per text class (scaling marks and variation span)
12-c Summary per text class (percentage of realized scaling marks)
Bibliography
Index of linguistic terms
Index of names

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The Development of Romance Clitic Pronouns

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