Measurement Uncertainty in Analysis of Plastics
Evaluation by Interlaboratory Test Results
1st Edition
Published on 7. June 2022
156 pages
978-1-56990-813-6 (ISBN)
Description
Measurement uncertainty is an important component of modern materials analysis: it indicates the boundaries within which the test results can be trusted. Such results are necessary for understanding of, for example, material and product tolerances and lifetimes, vital for plastic product reliability and safety.
Determination of measurement uncertainty is normally quite laborious, but this book shows how the available interlaboratory test data for plastics can be used to calculate measurement uncertainty much more simply. It contains many interlaboratory test results in the fields of thermoanalysis, molar mass determination, and quantitative analysis of the composition of material, presented in tables and graphical charts, discussed in the text, and elaborated by practical examples.
In addition to the evaluation by means of the presented data (top-down approach), the relationship to the bottom-up approach specified in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) is explained based on an example. Further sections deal with sampling, and the issue of whether or not the difference between analytical results is significant.
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Bruno Wampfler | Samuel Affolter | Axel Ritter
Measurement Uncertainty in Analysis of Plastics
Evaluation by Interlaboratory Test Results
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06/2022
1st Edition
Hanser Publications
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Persons
Author
Dr. Bruno Wampfler (retired) was Head of Process and Product Optimization at Empa St. Gallen, Switzerland. He was initiator of the Eureka project "Uncertainty Manager".
Dr. Samuel Affolter is Professor for Chemistry and Plastics Technology at the NTB (Interstaatliche Hochschule für Technik, Buchs), Switzerland. He leads the polymer team in the Institute for Micro- and Nanotechnology (MNT), focusing on polymer analysis and functionalized materials.
ISNI:
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Dr. Axel Ritter is a chemist at Intracosmed AG, Urnäsch, Switzerland, where he is responsible for quality assurance and regulatory issues.
Dr. Manfred Schmid studied chemistry in Bayreuth, Germany, and received his doctorate in polymer chemistry. Until 1997 he was employed as a chemist in polyamide research at EMS-Chemie. Subsequently, Mr. Schmid was project manager in the field of plastics analysis/biopolymers at EMPA. Since 2008 he has been head of research and development for SLS at Inspire AG, irpd, Switzerland.
Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- The Authors
- About the Use of this Book
- List of Abbreviations
- Equation Symbols
- Glossary
- 1 Introduction to Measurement Uncertainty
- 1.1 Measuring What Is It
- 1.2 Measurement Uncertainty in Plastics Testing
- 1.3 Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 1.3.1 Terms and Parameters
- 1.3.2 Calculation of the Parameters
- 2 Evaluation of the Measurement Uncertainty
- 2.1 Explanatory Example
- 2.2 Modeling Approach According to GUM
- 2.3 Interlaboratory Comparisons and the Randomness of Systematic Influences
- 2.4 Evaluation of the Measurement Uncertainty Using Interlaboratory Comparison Data
- 2.4.1 Basic Equations
- 2.4.2 Additional Components
- 2.4.3 Notes Regarding the Systematic Measurement Error (Bias)
- 2.5 Conclusion of the Explanatory Example
- 2.6 Contribution of the Sampling
- 2.6.1 Sampling and Interlaboratory Comparison
- 2.6.2 Empirical Method
- 2.7 Estimation Allowed
- 3 Uncertainty Data in Practical Application
- 3.1 Assessment of Measurement Data
- 3.1.1 Introduction
- 3.1.2 Comparison of Results from Different Laboratories
- 3.1.3 Comparison of Results from the Same Laboratory
- 3.1.3.1 Critical Difference
- 3.1.3.2 Reference Materials
- 3.1.3.3 Failure Analysis
- 3.1.4 Further Notes on the Evaluation of Measurement Data
- 3.2 Reporting Uncertainty
- 3.3 Explanations to the Precision Data Presented in the Following Chapters
- 4 Thermal Analysis
- 4.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
- 4.1.1 Principle of Measurement
- 4.1.2 Interlaboratory Comparisons Summary
- 4.1.3 Glass Transition Temperature Tg
- 4.1.4 Change of the Specific Heat Capacity cp
- 4.1.5 Crystallinity and Melting Characteristics of Thermoplastics
- 4.1.6 Curing Reaction of Epoxy Resins
- 4.2 Oxidative Induction Time and Temperature
- 4.2.1 Principle of Measurement
- 4.2.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 4.3 Thermogravimetry (TGA)
- 4.3.1 Principle of Measurement
- 4.3.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons Summary
- 4.3.3 Content of Plasticizer
- 4.3.4 Content of Carbon Black
- 4.3.5 Ash Content
- 4.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
- 4.4.1 Principle of Measurement
- 4.4.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 4.5 Examples of Thermal Analysis
- 4.5.1 Adhesives: Comparison of Two Samples
- 4.5.2 OIT: Comparison of the Values of Two Laboratories
- 5 Determination of the Molecular Weight
- 5.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
- 5.1.1 Principle of Measurement
- 5.1.2 SEC in Organic Phase
- 5.1.3 SEC in Aqueous Phase
- 5.1.4 High Temperature SEC
- 5.1.5 Polydispersity
- 5.2 Melt Mass-Flow Rate (MFR)
- 5.2.1 Principle of Measurement
- 5.2.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 5.3 Solution Viscosity
- 5.3.1 Principle of Measurement
- 5.3.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 5.4 Examples to the Determination of the Molecular Weight
- 5.4.1 MFR: Testing the Sample for Specification and Inhomogeneity
- 5.4.2 Intrinsic Viscosity Estimation of the Standard Uncertainty
- 6 Quantification of Main and Secondary Components
- 6.1 Elements
- 6.1.1 Halogens
- 6.1.1.1 Principle of Measurement
- 6.1.1.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 6.1.2 Sulfur
- 6.1.2.1 Principle of Measurement
- 6.1.2.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 6.1.3 Nitrogen
- 6.1.3.1 Principle of Measurement
- 6.1.3.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 6.2 Compounds
- 6.2.1 Plasticizer
- 6.2.1.1 Principle of Measurement
- 6.2.1.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 6.2.2 Vinyl Acetate Content in EthyleneVinyl Acetate Copolymers
- 6.2.2.1 Principle of Measurement
- 6.2.2.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 6.2.3 Water
- 6.2.3.1 Principle of Measurement
- 6.2.3.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 6.3 Ash
- 6.3.1 Principle of Measurement
- 6.3.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 6.4 Examples for Quantitative Determination
- 6.4.1 Plasticizer: Extraction versus TGA
- 6.4.2 Bromine: XRF versus Titrimetry
- 7 Quantification of Trace Components
- 7.1 Elements: Metalloids, Heavy Metals and Bromine
- 7.1.1 Principle of Measurement
- 7.1.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 7.2 Stabilizers
- 7.2.1 Principle of Measurement
- 7.2.2 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 7.3 Residual Solvents
- 7.3.1 Principle of Measurement
- 7.3.2 Sample Preparation
- 7.3.3 Results of Interlaboratory Comparisons
- 7.4 Examples of Quantitative Trace Analysis
- 7.4.1 Correction of the Lead Content
- 7.4.2 Mini-Interlaboratory Test (Three Participants)
- 8 Summary
- 8.1 Data Overview
- 8.2 Reproducibility Precision
- 8.3 Repeatability Precision
- 8.4 Between-Laboratory Effects
- 8.5 Reporting Uncertainty
- Index
