
Introduction to RF and Microwave Passive Components
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Content
- Introduction to RF and Microwave Passive Components
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- 1.1 MICROWAVE-FREQUENCY BAND
- 1.1.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum Divisions
- 1.1.2 Advantages with Microwaves
- 1.1.3 Radio Frequency Region
- 1.1.4 2-GHz Threshold
- 1.2 APPLICATIONS
- 1.2.1 Radar
- 1.2.2 Radio Link
- 1.2.3 Satellite TV
- 1.2.4 Wireless Data Networks
- 1.2.5 Mobile Telephones
- 1.2.6 Heating and Drying
- 1.2.7 RFID
- 1.2.8 Car Tolls
- 1.2.9 GPS
- 1.2.10 Navigation for Cars
- 1.2.11 Police Radar
- 1.2.12 Fixed Wireless Access
- 1.2.13 Motion Detector
- 1.2.14 Material Measurement
- 1.2.15 ISM-Bands
- Chapter 2 Transmission Lines
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 2.2 REFLECTION
- 2.2.1 Equivalent Circuit of Transmission
- 2.2.2 DC Voltage
- 2.2.3 High-Frequency AC Voltage
- 2.2.4 Transmission Line Characteristic I
- 2.2.5 Matching
- 2.2.6 Mismatch
- 2.2.7 Insertion Loss
- 2.2.8 Typical Component Reflection Value
- 2.2.9 Reflection Factor Expressed as Imp
- 2.2.10 Standing Wave Ratio Expressed as
- 2.2.11 Total Reflection
- 2.2.12 Impedance Transformation
- 2.2.13 Multiple Reflections
- 2.3 SMITH DIAGRAM
- 2.3.1 Reflection Factor
- 2.3.2 Resistance
- 2.3.3 Impedance
- 2.3.4 Varying Reactance
- 2.3.5 Varying Frequency
- 2.3.6 Movement Along a Transmission Line
- 2.3.7 Matching
- 2.3.8 Admittance
- 2.4 WAVEGUIDES
- 2.4.1 General
- 2.4.2 Electromagnetic Wave
- 2.4.3 Reflection From a Metal Plane
- 2.4.4 Boundary Conditions
- 2.4.5 Field at the Metal Plane
- 2.4.6 Rectangular Waveguide
- 2.4.7 Waveguide Dimensioning
- 2.4.8 Wave Nomenclature Classification
- 2.4.9 Current in the Waveguide Structure
- 2.4.10 Double-Ridge Waveguide
- 2.4.11 Transition Between Waveguide and
- 2.4.12 Flanges
- 2.4.13 Horn
- 2.4.14 Reactance
- 2.4.15 Attenuators and Phase Shifters
- 2.4.16 Reactive Attenuator
- 2.4.17 Terminator
- 2.4.18 Magic-T
- 2.5 WIRE PAIRS
- 2.6 COAXIAL CABLES
- 2.6.1 Inner Conductor
- 2.6.2 Dielectric
- 2.6.3 Outer Conductor
- 2.6.4 Impedance
- 2.6.5 Higher Modes
- 2.6.6 Delay
- 2.6.7 Isolation
- 2.6.8 Attenuation
- 2.7 COAXIAL CONNECTORS
- 2.7.1 Components and Systems
- 2.7.2 SMA Clamp Connectors
- 2.7.3 Measurements
- 2.7.4 7/16 Connector
- 2.7.5 Millimeter Waves
- 2.7.6 Combining Various Connectors
- 2.8 PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINES
- 2.8.1 Microstrip
- 2.8.2 Aluminum Oxide
- 2.8.3 Teflon
- 2.8.4 Conductors and Ground Planes
- 2.8.5 High Power
- 2.8.6 Field Patterns
- 2.8.7 Radiation
- 2.8.8 Impedance
- 2.8.9 Advantages
- 2.8.10 Stripline
- 2.8.11 Comparison
- 2.8.12 LTCC
- 2.9 SUMMARY
- Chapter 3 Antennas
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 THEORY
- 3.2.1 Power Density
- 3.2.2 Spherical Propagation
- 3.2.3 Directional Radiation
- 3.3 ANTENNA RADIATOR
- 3.3.1 Half-Wave Dipole
- 3.3.2 Dipole as a Resonator
- 3.3.3 Thick Dipole
- 3.3.4 Folded Dipole
- 3.3.5 Near Field
- 3.3.6 Polarization
- 3.3.7 Radiation Diagram
- 3.3.8 Omni-Directional Antennas
- 3.3.9 Yagi-Uda Antenna
- 3.3.10 Ground Plane Dipole (Monopole)
- 3.3.11 End Capacitance
- 3.4 PATCH ANTENNA
- 3.4.1 Microstrip Antenna
- 3.4.2 Aperture Coupling
- 3.4.3 Patches in Several Layers
- 3.5 ARRAY
- 3.5.1 Two Antennas Fed In-Phase, Distanc
- 3.5.2 Two Antennas Fed in Anti-Phase, Di
- 3.5.3 Two Antennas Fed in 90° Out-of-Phase, Distance d/4
- 3.5.4 Multiple Antenna Combined In-Phase
- 3.5.5 Array with Reflector
- 3.5.6 Endfire Beam Array
- 3.5.7 Quadratic Array
- 3.5.8 Elements with High Directivity
- 3.5.9 Amplitude Weighting
- 3.6 FEEDING NETWORK
- 3.6.1 Corporate Feeding
- 3.6.2 Series Feeding
- 3.6.3 Traveling-Wave Array
- 3.6.4 Combined Feeding
- 3.6.5 Doppler Navigation
- 3.7 BROADBAND ANTENNAS
- 3.7.1 Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna
- 3.7.2 Coplanar LPD
- 3.7.3 Pyramidal LPD
- 3.7.4 Planar LPD
- 3.7.5 Right Angle Coplanar LPD
- 3.7.6 Spiral Antenna
- 3.7.7 Reflecting Cavity
- 3.7.8 Impedance
- 3.7.9 Archimedean Spiral
- 3.7.10 Equiangular Spiral
- 3.7.11 Conical Spiral
- 3.8 REFLECTOR ANTENNAS
- 3.8.1 Antenna Diagram
- 3.8.2 Various Antenna Feeding Placements
- 3.8.3 Size of the Reflector
- 3.8.4 Illumination
- 3.8.5 Beamwidth and Gain Correlation
- 3.8.6 Gain and Beamwidth for a Normal Pa
- 3.8.7 Various Parabolic Antennas
- 3.8.8 Subreflector
- 3.8.9 Partial Section of a Parabolic Ref
- 3.8.10 Horn Reflector
- 3.9 COMPARISON
- 3.9.1 Sum / Difference Coupling
- 3.10 SUMMARY
- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Chapter 4 Millimeter Waves
- 4.1 MILLIMETER WAVE REGION
- 4.1.1 Attenuation in the Atmosphere
- 4.1.2 Noise
- 4.1.3 Waveguide Bands
- 4.2 APPLICATIONS
- 4.2.1 Small Antennas with Narrow Lobes
- 4.2.2 Large Bandwidth
- 4.2.3 Doppler
- 4.2.4 Radiometry
- 4.2.5 38 GHz Link
- 4.2.6 WLAN
- 4.2.7 Homing Missiles
- 4.2.8 TV Distribution
- 4.2.9 Short-Distance Communication
- 4.2.10 Distance Measurement
- 4.2.11 Speedometer
- 4.2.12 Car Radar
- 4.3 TRANSMISSION GUIDES
- 4.3.1 Waveguides
- 4.3.2 Dielectric Waveguide
- 4.3.3 Image Guide
- 4.3.4 Insular Guide
- 4.3.5 Nonradiative Dielectric (NRD) Wave
- 4.3.6 Insert Dielectric Guide (IDG)
- 4.3.7 Microstrip
- 4.3.8 Suspended Substrate Stripline
- 4.3.9 Coplanar Lines
- 4.3.10 Slotline
- 4.3.11 Fin-Line
- 4.3.12 E-Plane Circuits
- 4.4 SUMMARY
- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Chapter 5 Ferrites
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.1.1 Isolator
- 5.1.2 Circulator
- 5.1.3 Transmitter and Receiver Switch
- 5.1.4 Phase Shifter
- 5.1.5 Ferrite Switch
- 5.1.6 YIG Filter
- 5.2 THEORY
- 5.2.1 An Atom's Magnetic Moment
- 5.2.2 Different Magnetic Materials
- 5.2.3 Diamagnetic
- 5.2.4 Paramagnetic
- 5.2.5 Ferromagnetic
- 5.2.6 Anti-Ferromagnetic
- 5.2.7 Ferrimagnetic
- 5.2.8 Ferrite Crystals
- 5.2.9 Gyro Magnetic Resonance
- 5.2.10 Electromagnetic Wave in Ferrite
- 5.2.11 Low Field Loss
- 5.2.12 Resonance Loss
- 5.2.13 Electromagnetic Wave in Ferrite w
- 5.2.14 Resonance Peak
- 5.2.15 Below Resonance
- 5.2.16 Above Resonance
- 5.2.17 Faraday Rotation
- 5.3 ISOLATOR
- 5.3.1 Faraday Isolator
- 5.3.2 Resonance Isolator
- 5.3.3 Field Displacement Isolator
- 5.4 CIRCULATOR
- 5.4.1 Y-Circulator
- 5.4.2 Discrete Miniature Circulator
- 5.4.3 Y-Circulator in a Waveguide
- 5.4.4 Circulator with Fixed Phase Shifte
- 5.4.5 Comparison
- 5.5 FERRITE SWITCH
- 5.6 PHASE SHIFTER
- 5.7 YIG FILTER
- 5.7.1 Function
- 5.7.2 Q-Value and Bandwidth
- 5.7.3 Frequency Region
- 5.7.4 Millimeter-Wave
- 5.7.5 Temperature Dependence
- 5.7.6 Settling Time
- 5.7.7 FM-Coil
- 5.7.8 Balanced Loop
- 5.7.9 Selectivity
- 5.7.10 Closed-Loop Adjustment
- 5.7.11 Notch Filter
- 5.8 SUMMARY
- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Chapter 6 Hybrids
- 6.1 RAT RACE
- 6.1.1 Power Division
- 6.1.2 Bandwidth
- 6.1.3 Slotline Ring
- 6.2 BRANCH LINE
- 6.2.1 Phase Relation
- 6.2.2 Coupling
- 6.2.3 Impedance Transformation
- 6.2.4 Coupler with Several Sections
- 6.2.5 Double Center Line
- 6.2.6 Larger Bandwidth
- 6.2.7 Extremely Wide Lines
- 6.2.8 Extremely Narrow Lines
- 6.3 BACKWARD COUPLER
- 6.3.1 Phase Shifting
- 6.3.2 Amplitude Variation
- 6.4 WIDEBAND DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
- 6.4.1 In-Line Coupling
- 6.4.2 Tandem Coupling
- 6.4.3 Comparison Between In-Line and Tan
- 6.4.4 Asymmetrical Coupler
- 6.4.5 Nonuniform Directional Coupler
- 6.5 COMPENSATION OF PHASE VELOCITIES
- 6.5.1 Odd and Even Modes
- 6.5.2 Dielectric Sheet
- 6.5.3 Compensating with Double Substrate
- 6.5.4 Capacitance in the Ground Plane
- 6.5.5 Podell Coupler
- 6.5.6 Capacitive Compensation
- 6.5.7 Meander Coupling
- 6.6 MICROSTRIP WITH 3-DB COUPLING
- 6.6.1 Broadside Coupling
- 6.6.2 Vertical Laminate
- 6.6.3 Lange Coupler
- 6.6.4 Tandem Coupler
- 6.6.5 Strip/Slot Coupler
- 6.6.6 Re-Entrant
- 6.6.7 Slot Coupling Through Intermediate
- 6.7 HYBRID FOR CROSSING LINES
- 6.8 COMPARISON
- 6.8.1 Partial Overlapped Lines
- 6.8.2 Comparison Between Different Coupl
- 6.9 180° HYBRID
- 6.9.1 Schiffman
- 6.9.2 Cascading
- 6.9.3 Asymmetric Nonuniform Coupler
- 6.9.4 Reflection from 90 Hybrid and 180
- 6.10 REDUCED LINE LENGTHS
- 6.10.1 Branch Line
- 6.10.2 Rat Race
- 6.10.3 Open Stubs
- 6.11 DISCRETE COMPONENTS
- 6.11.1 Branch Line
- 6.11.2 Rat Race
- 6.11.3 Back Wave Coupler
- 6.11.4 Phase Shifting Net
- 6.12 RF HYBRIDS
- 6.12.1 Wireline
- 6.12.2 Transformer as a 180 Hybrid
- 6.12.3 Directional Coupler with Transfor
- 6.13 SPECIFICATIONS
- 6.13.1 Directional Coupler
- 6.13.2 Hybrid
- 6.13.3 Power Divider
- 6.14 APPLICATIONS
- 6.14.1 Transmitter Testing
- 6.14.2 Receiver Testing
- 6.14.3 Reflection Coupling with a 90 Hy
- 6.14.4 Balance Detector
- 6.14.5 Reflection Amplifier
- 6.14.6 Phase Shifter
- 6.14.7 Attenuator
- 6.14.8 Parallel Coupling with Two 90 Hy
- 6.14.9 Balanced Amplifier
- 6.14.10 Balanced Mixer
- 6.14.11 Double-Balanced Mixer
- 6.15 SUMMARY
- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Chapter 7 Power Dividers
- 7.1 VARIOUS CIRCUIT DESIGNS
- 7.1.1 Resistive Power Divider
- 7.1.2 T-Junction
- 7.1.3 Reactive Power Divider
- 7.1.4 Wilkinson Power Divider
- 7.1.5 Several Combined Sections of the W
- 7.1.6 Wilkinson with Different Power Div
- 7.1.7 Continuously Decreasing Wilkinson
- 7.1.8 Comparison Between Wilkinson and a
- 7.1.9 Division with Different Phase
- 7.1.10 Three Outputs
- 7.1.11 Several Outputs
- 7.1.12 Millimeter Wave
- 7.1.13 Parallel and Series Line Division
- 7.2 DISCRETE COMPONENTS
- 7.2.1 RF Power Divider
- 7.3 POWER COMBINER
- 7.4 POWER SPLITTER
- 7.5 SUMMARY
- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Chapter 8 Filters
- 8.1 BASICS
- 8.1.1 Lumped Components
- 8.1.2 Distributed Components
- 8.1.3 Resonator
- 8.1.4 Filter Dimensioning
- 8.2 LOWPASS FILTER
- 8.2.1 Coplanar Line
- 8.2.2 Suspended Substrate Stripline
- 8.2.3 Waveguide
- 8.3 HIGHPASS FILTER
- 8.4 BANDPASS FILTER
- 8.4.1 End Coupled
- 8.4.2 Side Coupled
- 8.4.3 Overtones with Side Coupling
- 8.4.4 Compact Side Coupling
- 8.4.5 Open Loop Resonator
- 8.4.6 Direct-Coupled Stub Filter
- 8.4.7 Combination of Lowpass and Highpas
- 8.4.8 Interdigital Filter
- 8.4.9 Combline Filter
- 8.4.10 Design
- 8.4.11 Connections
- 8.4.12 Tuning
- 8.4.13 Aperture Coupling
- 8.4.14 Suspended Substrate Stripline (SS
- 8.4.15 Semi-Discrete Resonators
- 8.4.16 Multilayer Board
- 8.4.17 Coplanar Line
- 8.4.18 Size Reduction from /2 to /4
- 8.4.19 Direct Connection to Coplanar Lin
- 8.4.20 Connection with Stepped Impedance
- 8.4.21 Stepped Impedance Resonator (SIR)
- 8.4.22 Extremely Large Bandwidths
- 8.5 WAVEGUIDE FILTER
- 8.5.1 Cavity in the Waveguide
- 8.5.2 Coupling Between Cavities
- 8.5.3 Combination of Lowpass and Highpas
- 8.5.4 Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cav
- 8.6 EVANESCENT MODE
- 8.7 TUBULAR FILTER
- 8.8 HELIX FILTER
- 8.8.1 d /2 Resonator
- 8.9 COMPARISON
- 8.9.1 Symmetry
- 8.9.2 Q-Value
- 8.10 COUPLING FACTOR
- 8.10.1 Coupling Factor Size
- 8.10.2 Coupling Factor Sign
- 8.10.3 Coupling at the Input (Qe)
- 8.11 NOTCH FILTER
- 8.11.1 Tandem-Coupled Stubs
- 8.11.2 Spur-Line Filter
- 8.11.3 Coplanar Line with Shorted Series
- 8.11.4 Coplanar Line with Open Series St
- 8.11.5 Coplanar Line with Series Stub in
- 8.11.6 Waveguide
- 8.12 TRANSMISSION NULLS
- 8.12.1 Lowpass Filter with Transmission
- 8.12.2 Bandpass Filter with External Nul
- 8.12.3 Several External Nulls
- 8.12.4 Transmission Null from Direct Con
- 8.12.5 External Null Resonator in a Wave
- 8.13 CROSS-COUPLING
- 8.13.1 Triplet Cross-Coupling
- 8.13.2 Quadruple Cross-Coupling
- 8.13.3 Linear Phase
- 8.13.4 Six-Pole Filter
- 8.13.5 Canonical Cross-Coupling
- 8.13.6 Cascaded Cross-Couplings
- 8.13.7 Cross-Coupling in Microstrip
- 8.13.8 Reactance in Series with the Reso
- 8.13.9 Waveguide
- 8.13.10 Doublet
- 8.13.11 Doublet with Higher Mode
- 8.14 DUAL-BEHAVIOR FILTER
- 8.15 DIELECTRIC FILTER
- 8.16 DUAL-MODE FILTER
- 8.17 MULTIPLEXER
- 8.17.1 Diplexer
- 8.17.2 Comb-Line Diplexer
- 8.17.3 Fin-Line Diplexer
- 8.17.4 Bifurcated Diplexer
- 8.17.5 Cascade Coupling
- 8.17.6 Common Division Point
- 8.17.7 Combined Division
- 8.17.8 Manifold
- 8.17.9 Multicoupler (Combiner)
- 8.17.10 Circulator Coupling
- 8.17.11 Hybrid Coupled Filters
- 8.17.12 Ring Filter
- 8.18 VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED FILTER
- 8.18.1 Control Voltage
- 8.18.2 Intermodulation and Power Level
- 8.18.3 Tuning Speed
- 8.18.4 Linearity
- 8.18.5 Bandwidth
- 8.18.6 Losses
- 8.18.7 Stopband
- 8.18.8 Digital Control
- 8.18.9 Digital Control Filter Bank
- 8.19 SUMMARY
- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- About the Authors
- Index
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