Digital Twin Technology
Description
The book lucidly explains the fundamentals of digital twin technology along with its applications and various industrial real-world examples.
Digital twin basically means a replicated model of any object or product in digital form. A digital twin has many advantages as it remains connected with the original object or product it is replicating and receives real-time data. Therefore, the obstacles and issues that could be encountered in a product or object can be known before their actual happening which helps to prevent errors and major losses which otherwise might have been incurred.
The various capabilities of digital twin technology make it a powerful tool that can be used to effectively boost various sectors of the healthcare, automotive, and construction industries, among others. Although this technology has been making its way into various sectors, it has not yet received the kind of exposure necessary to increase awareness of its potential in these industries. Therefore, it is critical that a better understanding of digital twin technology is acquired to facilitate growth and to have it implemented in the various sectors so that transformation can be ushered in. Therefore, this book was designed to be a useful resource for those who want to become well acquainted with digital twin technology.
Audience
Engineers, researchers, and advanced students in information technology, computer science, and electronics, as well as IT specialists and professionals in various industries such as healthcare, automotive, and transportation.
More details
Other editions
Additional editions
Person
Manisha Vohra has a Master of Engineering in electronics and telecommunication and is an independent researcher. She has published various papers in international journals including IEEE Xplore. She has also published various book chapters, authored two books, and edited six books.
Content
Preface xv
1 Overview of Digital Twin 1
Manisha Vohra
1.1 A Simplistic Introduction to Digital Twin 1
1.2 Basic Definition and Explanation of What is Digital Twin 5
1.3 The History of Digital Twin 7
1.4 Working 9
1.5 Features 11
1.5.1 Replication of Each and Every Aspect of the Original Device or Product 11
1.5.2 Helps in Product Lifecycle Management 11
1.5.3 Digital Twin can Prevent Downtime 11
1.6 Advantages of Digital Twin 11
1.6.1 Digital Twin is Helpful in Preventing Issues or Errors in the Actual Object, Product or Process 11
1.6.2 Helps in Well Utilization of Resources 12
1.6.3 Keeping Vigilance of the Actual Object, Product or Process Through Digital Twin is Possible 12
1.6.4 Helps in Efficient Handling and Managing of Objects, Device, Equipment, etc. 12
1.6.5 Reduction in Overall Cost of Manufacturing of Objects, Products, etc. 13
1.7 Applications 13
1.8 A Simple Example of Digital Twin Application 13
1.9 Digital Twin Technology and the Metaverse 14
1.10 Challenges 15
1.10.1 Careful Handling of Different Factors Involved in Digital Twin 15
1.10.2 Expertise Required 15
1.10.3 Data Security and Privacy 15
1.11 Conclusion 16
References 16
2 Introduction, History, and Concept of Digital Twin 19
N. Rajamurugu and M. K. Karthik
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 History of Digital Twin 21
2.3 Concept of Digital Twin 23
2.3.1 DTP 23
2.3.2 DTI 24
2.3.3 DTE 24
2.3.4 Conceptualization 25
2.3.5 Comparison 25
2.3.6 Collaboration 25
2.4 Working Principle 26
2.5 Characteristics of Digital Twin 27
2.5.1 Homogenization 27
2.5.2 Digital Trail 27
2.5.3 Connectivity 27
2.6 Advantages 28
2.6.1 Companies Can Benefit From Digital Twin by Tracking Performance-Related Data 28
2.6.2 Different Sector's Progress Can Be Accelerated 28
2.6.3 Digital Twins Can Be Used for Various Application 28
2.6.4 Digital Twin Can Help Decide Future Course of Work 28
2.6.5 Manufacturing Work Can Be Monitored 29
2.7 Limitations 29
2.7.1 Data Transmission Could Have Delays and Distortions 29
2.7.2 Digital Twin Implementation Will Need Required Skills and Sound Knowledge About It 29
2.8 Example of Digital Twin Application 29
2.8.1 Digital Twin Application in General Electric (GE) Renewable Energy 29
2.9 Conclusion 30
References 30
3 An Insight to Digital Twin 33
Anant Kumar Patel, Ashish Patel and Kanchan Mona Patel
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Understanding Digital Twin 35
3.3 Digital Twin History 36
3.4 Essential Aspects From Working Perspectives of Digital Twin 37
3.5 How Does a Digital Twin Work? 37
3.6 Insights to Digital Twin Technology Concept 38
3.6.1 Parts Twins 38
3.6.2 Product Twins 39
3.6.3 System Twins 39
3.6.4 Process Twins 39
3.7 Types of Digital Twin 39
3.7.1 Digital Twin Prototype (DTP) 40
3.7.2 Digital Twin Instance (DTI) 40
3.7.3 Digital Twin Environment (DTE) 40
3.8 Traits of Digital Twin 40
3.8.1 Look Same as the Original Object 40
3.8.2 Consists Different Details of the Original Object 41
3.8.3 Behaves Same as the Original Object 41
3.8.4 Can Predict and Inform in Advance About Problems That Could Occur 41
3.9 Value of Digital Twin 41
3.10 Advantages of Digital Twin 42
3.11 Real-World Examples of Use of Digital Twin 43
3.12 Conclusion 44
References 45
4 Digital Twin Solution Architecture 47
Suhas D. Joshi
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Previous Work 48
4.2.1 How This Work Differs 49
4.3 Use Cases 50
4.4 Architecture Considerations 51
4.5 Understanding the Physical Object 52
4.5.1 Modeling Considerations 55
4.6 Digital Twin and IoT 56
4.7 Digital Twin Solution Architecture 57
4.7.1 Conceptual Digital Twin Solution Architecture 57
4.7.2 Infrastructure Platform and IoT Services 57
4.7.3 Digital Twin Data and Process Model 57
4.7.4 Digital Twin Services 60
4.7.5 Digital Twin Applications 61
4.7.6 Sample Basic Data Flow through Digital Twin 61
4.7.7 Sample Data Flow for Exception Handling 63
4.7.8 Sample Data Flow through Digital Twin Applications 63
4.7.9 Development Considerations 65
4.8 Database Considerations 66
4.9 Messaging 67
4.10 Interfaces 69
4.11 User Experience 70
4.12 Cyber Security 70
4.13 Use Case Coverage 71
4.14 Future Direction and Trends 73
4.15 Conclusion 74
References 74
5 Role of Digital Twin Technology in Medical Sector-Toward Ensuring Safe Healthcare 77
S.N. Kumar, A. Lenin Fred, L.R. Jonisha Miriam, Christina Jane I., H. Ajay Kumar, Parasuraman Padmanabhan and Balazs Gulyas
5.1 Introduction to Digital Twin 78
5.2 Generic Applications of Digital Twin 79
5.3 Digital Twin Applications in Medical Field 83
5.3.1 Biosignal and Physiological Parameters Analysis for Body Area Network 84
5.3.2 Medicinal Drug Delivery 85
5.3.3 Surgical Preplanning 86
5.3.4 COVID 19 Screening and Diagnosis 87
5.4 Ongoing and Future Applications of Digital Twin in Healthcare Sector 89
5.5 Conclusion 89
Acknowledgments 90
References 90
6 Digital Twin as a Revamping Tool for Construction Industry 97
Greeshma A. S. and Philbin M. Philip
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Introduction to Digital Twin 99
6.3 Overview of Digital Twin in Construction 100
6.4 The Perks of Digital Twin 101
6.5 The Evolution of Digital Twin 102
6.6 Application of Digital Twin Technology in Construction Industry 103
6.7 Digital Twins Application for Construction Working Personnel Safety 106
6.8 Digital Twin Applications in Smart City Construction 107
6.9 Discussion 107
6.10 Conclusion 108
References 109
7 Digital Twin Applications and Challenges in Healthcare 111
Pavithra S., Pavithra D., Vanithamani R. and Judith Justin
7.1 Introduction 111
7.2 Digital Twin 112
7.3 Applications of Digital Twin 114
7.3.1 Smart Cities 114
7.3.2 Manufacturing Sector 115
7.3.3 Healthcare 115
7.3.4 Aviation 115
7.3.5 The Disney Park 115
7.4 Challenges with Digital Twin 115
7.5 Digital Twin in Healthcare 116
7.5.1 Digital Twin for Hospital Workflow Management 116
7.5.2 Digital Twin for a Healthcare Facility 117
7.5.3 Digital Twin for Different Medical Product Manufacturing 118
7.5.4 Cardiovascular Digital Twin 118
7.5.5 Digital Twin Utilization for Supporting Personalized Treatment 119
7.5.6 Digital Twin for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 119
7.6 Digital Twin Challenges in Healthcare 119
7.6.1 Need of Training and Knowledge 120
7.6.2 Cost Factor 120
7.6.3 Trust Factor 120
7.7 Conclusion 121
References 122
8 Monitoring Structural Health Using Digital Twin 125
Samaya Pillai, Venkatesh Iyengar and Pankaj Pathak
8.1 Introduction 126
8.1.1 Digital Twin-The Approach and Uses 126
8.2 Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS) 128
8.2.1 Criticality and Need for SHMS Approach 128
8.2.2 Passive and Active SHMS 129
8.3 Sensor Technology, Digital Twin (DT) and Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS) 130
8.4 Conclusion 135
References 136
9 Role and Advantages of Digital Twin in Oil and Gas Industry 141
Prakash J.
9.1 Introduction 141
9.2 Digital Twin 142
9.3 Evolution of Digital Twin Technology 144
9.4 Various Digital Twins that Can Be Built 145
9.4.1 Parts Twins 145
9.4.2 Product Twins or Asset Twins 146
9.4.3 System Twins or Unit Twins 146
9.4.4 Process Twins 146
9.5 Advantage of Digital Twin 146
9.5.1 Paced Prototypin 147
9.5.2 Prediction 147
9.5.3 Enhanced Maintenance 147
9.5.4 Monitoring 147
9.5.5 Safety 147
9.5.6 Reduced Waste 147
9.6 Applications of Digital Twin 148
9.6.1 Aerospace 148
9.6.2 Power-Generation Equipment 148
9.6.3 Structures and Their Systems 148
9.6.4 Manufacturing Operations 149
9.6.5 Healthcare Services 149
9.6.6 Automotive Industry 149
9.6.7 Urban Planning and Construction 149
9.6.8 Smart Cities 149
9.6.9 Industrial Applications 149
9.7 Characteristics of Digital Twin 150
9.7.1 High-Fidelity 150
9.7.2 Lively 150
9.7.3 Multidisciplinary 150
9.7.4 Homogenization 150
9.7.5 Digital Footprint 151
9.8 Digital Twin in Oil and Gas Industry 151
9.9 Role of Digital Twin in the Various Areas of Oil and Gas Industry 152
9.9.1 Planning of Drilling Process 153
9.9.2 Performance Monitoring of Oil Field 153
9.9.3 Data Analytics and Simulation for Oil Field Production 153
9.9.4 Improving Field Personnel and Workforce Safety 153
9.9.5 Predictive Maintenance 153
9.10 The Advantages of Digital Twin in the Oil and Gas Industry 154
9.10.1 Production Efficacy 154
9.10.2 Preemptive Maintenance 154
9.10.3 Scenario Development 154
9.10.4 Different Processes Monitoring 155
9.10.5 Compliance Criteria 155
9.10.6 Cost Savings 155
9.10.7 Workplace Safety 155
9.11 Conclusion 155
References 156
10 Digital Twin in Smart Cities: Application and Benefits 159
Manisha Vohra
10.1 Introduction 159
10.2 Introduction of Digital Twin in Smart Cities 162
10.3 Applications of Digital Twin in Smart Cities 164
10.3.1 Traffic Management 164
10.3.2 Construction 165
10.3.3 Structural Health Monitoring 166
10.3.4 Healthcare 167
10.3.5 Digital Twin for Drainage System 168
10.3.6 Digital Twin for Power Grid 169
10.4 Conclusion 169
References 170
11 Digital Twin in Pharmaceutical Industry 173
Anant Kumar Patel, Ashish Patel and Kanchan Mona Patel
11.1 Introduction 173
11.2 What is Digital Twin? 175
11.2.1 Digital Twin Prototype (DTP) 176
11.2.2 Digital Twin Instance 176
11.2.3 Parts Twins 177
11.2.4 Product Twins 177
11.2.5 System Twins 177
11.2.6 Process Twins 178
11.3 Digital Twin in the Pharmaceutical Industry 178
11.4 Digital Twin Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry 180
11.4.1 Digital Twin of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Process 180
11.4.2 Digital Twin for Pharmaceutical Supply Chains 180
11.5 Examples of Use of Digital Twin in Pharmaceutical Industry 181
11.5.1 Digital Twin Simulator for Supporting Scientific Exchange of Views With Expert Physicians 181
11.5.2 Digital Twin for Medical Products 182
11.5.3 Digital Twin for Pharmaceutical Companies 182
11.6 Advantages of Digital Twin in the Pharmaceutical Industry 182
11.6.1 Wastage Can Be Reduced 182
11.6.2 Cost Savings 183
11.6.3 Faster Time to Market 183
11.6.4 Smooth Management 183
11.6.5 Remote Monitoring 184
11.7 Digital Twin in the Pharmaceutical Industry as a Game-Changer 184
11.8 Conclusion 184
References 185
12 Different Applications and Importance of Digital Twin 189
R. Suganya, Seyed M. Buhari and S. Rajaram
12.1 Introduction 189
12.2 History of Digital Twin 191
12.3 Applications of Digital Twin 192
12.3.1 Agriculture 193
12.3.2 Education 193
12.3.3 Healthcare 194
12.3.4 Manufacturing and Industry 195
12.3.5 Automotive Industry 197
12.3.6 Security 198
12.3.7 Smart Cities 199
12.3.8 Weather Forecasting and Meteorology 199
12.4 Importance of Digital Twin 199
12.5 Challenges 200
12.6 Conclusion 200
References 201
13 Digital Twin in Development of Products 205
Pedro Pablo Chambi Condori
13.1 Introduction 206
13.2 Digital Twin 207
13.2.1 Digital Twin Types 210
13.3 Different Aspects of an Organization and Digital Twin in Development of Products in Organizations 210
13.4 Implications of Digital Twin in Development of Products in Organizations 214
13.5 Advantages 214
13.5.1 Digital Twin Helps in Decision Making 214
13.5.2 Avoiding Downtine 215
13.5.3 Maximizing Efficiency 215
13.5.4 Cost Savings 215
13.5.5 Optimum Use of Resources 215
13.6 Conclusion 215
References 216
14 Possibilities with Digital Twin 219
Vismay Shah and Anilkumar Suthar
14.1 Introduction 219
14.2 What is Digital Twin Technology? 220
14.3 Possibilities With Digital Twin in Aviation Sector 224
14.3.1 Aviation Engineering in Combination With Digital Twin 224
14.3.2 Concept of Digital Twin for Aviation Components 225
14.3.3 How Important is Digital Twin in the Aviation Industry? 225
14.4 Possibilities With Digital Twin in Automotive Industry 226
14.4.1 Digital Twin in Automotive Industry 226
14.5 How Can Digital Twin Help in Improving Supply Chain Management? 228
14.6 Discussion 229
14.7 Conclusion 229
References 229
15 Digital Twin: Pros and Cons 233
Prakash J.
15.1 Introduction 233
15.2 Introduction to Digital Twin 234
15.3 Pros of Digital Twin 238
15.3.1 Digital Twin Can Forecast the Problem in Advance Before Its Arrival 238
15.3.2 Digital Twin Can Be Used in Monitoring Work 239
15.3.3 Reduction in Waste 240
15.3.4 Helps Avoid Hazardous Situations at Work 240
15.3.5 Increases Speed of Work Completion 240
15.4 Cons of Digital Twin 240
15.4.1 Deep Knowledge Will Be Needed for Creating and Handling the Digital Twin 241
15.4.2 Issues with Sensors Issue Can Affect the Digital Twin 241
15.4.3 Security 241
15.5 Application Wise Pros of Digital Twin 241
15.5.1 Oil and Gas Sector 242
15.5.2 Industrial Sector 242
15.5.3 Automotive Sector 242
15.5.4 Construction Sector 242
15.6 Conclusion 243
References 243
Index 247
1
Overview of Digital Twin
Manisha Vohra
Independent Researcher, India
Abstract
Digital twin is a technology which is opening doors to various possibilities in different sectors which will shall prove to be very fruitful. Digital twin basically means a replicated digital model of any device or product. It has great abilities which can benefit various sectors when applied in those sectors. This technology is growing with great pace. It has some really amazing and useful advantages. This chapter is all about the basics of digital twin which includes understanding what it is, discussion regarding the beginning of this technology, its working, features, etc. In this chapter an entire overview of digital twin is provided.
Keywords: Digital twin, digital twin technology, digital model, technology, mirror worlds, virtual environment, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
1.1 A Simplistic Introduction to Digital Twin
Digital twin, a technology named in two words is a technology with great abilities. It is a technology which is very powerful. It is powerful enough to replicate real world devices, products and processes virtually. Digital twin works in a virtual environment. Digital twin in simple words is a virtual representation of real world devices, products or process. This is one basic way of how digital twin can be defined. Another basic and brief definition and explanation of what is digital twin will be stated further on in the chapter.
Digital twin can run simulations, it can predict the possible errors which could turn up or occur in a device, product or process.
In today's world, virtual environment plays an important role in various sectors. For example, in healthcare sector, use of telemedicine. In use of telemedicine option, consultation via video conferencing is done in a virtual environment. In education sector, curriculum classes are also nowadays carried out in a virtual environment via video conferencing. Likewise, in different sectors, virtual environment is playing an important role and is being very helpful.
Digital twin is also a technology which works in a virtual environment. Its utilization in different sectors like global industry, healthcare, engineering, etc. can be the key to a whole lot of advantages and benefits for those sectors.
Digital twin does not remain static in nature. It changes in accordance to the changes in the real object it is replicating. The input of the real-time data it can receive from the original object which it is replicating is truly helpful. It will update itself in accordance with changes in the object. Whenever there is any change in the original object, that particular change will occur in the digital twin model as well. This in itself is a huge plus point.
To bring some innovation in any new product or device, one might try to experiment while working on it. Even while working on an existing product, for coming up with a new version of it as there are chances for its improvement and betterment, one might experiment, alter and bring changes to it in this case as well. Even after careful intervention during the attempt of trying to experiment with all necessary measures and precautions taken be it in a new product's case or existing one, there can be multiple scenarios as resultants.
This move of trying to experiment could either go right, benefitting the product hugely or could have some adverse effects which could damage or hamper the product early or in the later stages of the product lifecycle. Well, in the case, that the experiment is successful then there's no problem but if something turns out wrong then it could damage or hamper the product in the early or later stages of the product lifecycle as mentioned above. Here, one needs to be having something like a technology which could in advance inform regarding the issues, hurdles that the product could probably face in any stage of its lifecycle, thus preventing it from occurrence in reality. For such instances and situations, digital twin could be the best fit option.
It can provide prediction in advance on what issues could arise in a product. So before they come in reality they can be predicted by using digital twin. Through this kind of prediction, digital twin can help to prevent any issues or hurdles from arising and occurring not just in a product but be it a system, process, etc. Hence, it can be rightly told that digital twin has the capability to keep problems at bay.
The concept of digital twin is decades old, despite this fact, its real impact has only come into being in recent years [7]. Currently, industry 4.0 is a popular term to describe the imminent changes of the industry landscape, particularly in the production and manufacturing industry of the developed world [13]. The design of a manufacturing system is not simple. It is a complex and critical activity [4].
Digital twin technology is nowadays being developed and commercialized to optimize several manufacturing processes [2]. Digital twin is now getting recognition of being a part of industry 4.0 roadmap [5]. A manufacturing digital twin offers a great opportunity. It offers the opportunity to simulate and optimize the production system [8]. The growing adoption of cyber-physical system (CPS), internet of things (IoT), big data analytics, and cloud computing in manufacturing sector has paved the way for low cost and systematic implementation of digital twin [11].
There are different aspects driving the future of manufacturing and one of those is digital twin [19]. It is receiving a great deal of interest from manufacturers who make advanced products that have all the characteristics of complex systems. However, the success of the digital twin model will depend on a factor which is value, the value it creates for both the manufacturers and the users of their products [3]. A concept for the composition of a database and guidelines proposal for the implementation of the digital twin in production systems in small and medium-sized enterprises is presented by the authors in paper [17]. Digital twin can truly impact manufacturing greatly.
It can also play a major role in overall cost savings in the entire manufacturing budget of an object, product, system, etc. as the manufacturing budget mostly always has provision for some issues. When manufacturing budget is planned, at that time mostly always a provision is kept for remanufacturing of the some of the objects or products, etc. which might be required to be remanufactured due to certain issues as well there is provision in the budget in case of wastage occurring during manufacturing process due to some error. When errors and issues can be prevented prior to their arrival in reality, it will result in the overall cost saving in the entire manufacturing cost of an object, product or system, etc. which is being manufactured. Also, downtime can be prevented and predictive maintenance can be carried out using digital twin. Not just cost savings will happen due then to digital twin but also it will help in meeting deadlines fixed for manufacturing of objects or products.
Whenever due to any faults if remanufacturing is required then it will not only increase the overall cost involved in manufacturing but additional time will also be required in remanufacturing. If digital twin can prevent issues, errors, downtime and also predictive maintenance can be carried out digital twin then then manufacturing can be completed on time and it can thus meet its allotted deadline without requiring additional time.
One of the greatest plus points of this technology is that, it can present a replicate of the original product, system, etc. in a digital format. Such is the functionality of digital twin. Hence, digital twin which is created, be it of anything, like product, system, etc. will be in digital form and it can be viewed and from any remote location. Digital twin allows to monitor the original device, product, etc.
There is no compulsion or restriction of being present in person in front of the device or product to view or monitor it. This point about the digital twin makes it not only just advantageous or beneficial but also simplifies the work of the ones who will be working with this technology as and when required.
Nowadays many things have gone digital and are carried out online like work, study, etc. Any technology which allows remote monitoring of work is a plus point of that particular technology and it is highly beneficial for the users of that technology.
Along with various other important and key factors which paved way for development and introduction of digital twin technology, directly or indirectly the widespread and accessibility of digitalization has also been important for digital twin.
Had digitalization not been much developed, wide spread and accessible, it would affect the progress of digital twin technology during its attempt in reaching out to different sectors quickly. The widespread and accessibility of digitalization has also thus been indirectly important for digital twin technology.
To provide digital services in a product service system is it necessary to understand few things such as service ecosystem, service platform and value co-creation [15]. There is an increasing interest in adapting digital twin to get autonomous maintenance [9]. Digital twins are expected to enrich the existent asset information system [20]. Digital twin is now a salient and emerging trend in many applications which includes the construction sector as well. The...
