Imperatives and Directive Strategies
1st Edition
Published on 15. March 2017
323 pages
978-90-272-6593-7 (ISBN)
Description
Imperatives and directive strategies have intrigued both formalists and functionalists. They continue to search for the answers to questions like "e;what are the semantics of the imperative?"e;, "e;how is it used (in the world's languages)?"e; and "e;which factors determine the choice between imperatives and other directive strategies?"e;. This volume takes a broadly functional-typological perspective and contributes to the literature in several respects. It presents new data from a variety of languages, some of which have not been studied in depth before. It exemplifies the benefits of traditional methodologies as well as the potential of more innovative ones. In addition, the volume sheds new light on the imperative as a typological notion, its meaning and uses and its interaction with other grammatical categories. It also offers new insights into the relation between different directive strategies within and across languages and into the (dis)similarities between equivalent directive strategies in a language family.
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Daniel Van Olmen | Simone Heinold
Imperatives and Directive Strategies
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04/2017
John Benjamins Publishing Co
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Content
- Intro
- Imperatives and Directive Strategies
- Editorial page
- Title page
- LCC data
- Table of contents
- Imperatives and directive strategies from a functional-typological perspective
- 1. Preliminaries
- 2. Imperatives
- 2.1 Cross-linguistic characterization
- 2.2 Meaning
- 2.3 Uses
- 2.4 Interaction with other grammatical categories
- 2.5 Contributions to this volume
- 3. Directive strategies
- 3.1 Forms
- 3.2 Uses
- 3.3 Imperatives versus other directive strategies
- 3.4 Contributions to this volume
- 4. Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Part I. Imperatives
- Imperatives and evidentiality in Innu
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Key characteristics of the inflectional verb system of Innu
- 2.1 Three sets of conjugations
- 2.2 Moods and modalities
- 2.3 Evidentiality
- 3. Directive strategies
- 3.1 Non-specialized forms
- 3.2 Specialized forms
- 4. An evidential imperative
- 4.1 Previous analyses of imperative 3
- 4.2 Our analysis of imperative 3
- 4.3 Argument in favor of our analysis
- 5. Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Rhetorical imperatives: Reasons to reasoning
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The syntax and the semantics of regular imperatives
- 2.1 Grammatical properties
- 2.2 Semantic properties
- 2.3 On the relationship between imperatives and modals
- 3. Grammatical properties of RIs
- 3.1 The subject
- 3.2 The verb
- 3.3 Negative polarity items
- 3.4 RIs and regular imperatives
- 4. Semantic properties of RIs
- 4.1 Assertoric potential and polarity
- 4.2 Some consequences of being assertions (and not commands)
- 4.3 The absence of directivity
- 4.4 RIs as reasons for reasoning
- 4.5 RIs as modalized assertions
- 5. RIs as a widening of the domain operation
- 5.1 The widening of the domain operation
- 5.2 On the reference of the subject pronoun
- 6. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Searching for imperatives in European sign languages
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Looking for imperatives in sign languages: How to start
- 2.1 Commands? The Polish Sign Language (PJM) experience
- 2.2 Commands are not (necessarily) imperatives
- 2.3 Imperatives are not (necessarily) commands
- 3. The formal properties of imperatives across spoken languages
- 3.1 Null and quantificational subjects in imperatives
- 3.2 A defective paradigm: Exhortative constructions
- 3.3 Reduced morphology
- 3.4 A marked word order
- 3.5 Negation
- 3.6 Embedding
- 3.7 Distinguishing the various uses: Prosody and other markers
- 3.8 Imperative + Declarative: A litmus test for imperative?
- 3.9 Incompatibility with non-volitional verbs
- 4. Modality specificities
- 5. Data elicitation
- 6. Imperatives in Italian Sign Language
- 6.1 Manual markers of the imperative
- 6.2 Non-manual markers of the imperative
- 6.3 Testing specific properties of the imperative
- 6.4 Summary
- 7. Imperatives in French Sign Language
- 7.1 Manual markers of the imperative
- 7.2 Non-manual markers of the imperative
- 7.3 Testing specific properties of the imperative
- 7.4 Summary
- 8. Imperatives in Catalan Sign Language
- 8.1 Manual markers of the imperative
- 8.2 Non-manual markers of the imperative
- 8.3 Testing specific properties of the imperative
- 8.4 Summary
- 9. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
- References
- Part II. Directive strategies
- "You're just workin' for yourself": Directive strategies in yoga instructional discourse
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Categories of directives in instruction
- 3. Yoga philosophy and yoga instruction
- 4. Data
- 5. Directives in yoga instructional discourse
- 5.1 Bald imperatives
- 5.2 Modified imperatives
- 5.3 Incorporated imperatives
- 5.4 Elided verbs
- 5.5 Combinations
- 6. Indirect versus direct directives in yoga instructional discourse
- 7. Discussion: Embodied practice
- 8. Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Imperatives and other directives in the Polynesian languages
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Canonical imperatives
- 2.1 Zero-marked imperatives
- 2.2 Particle-marked imperatives
- 2.3 Zero- and particle-marked imperatives
- 2.4 Passive imperatives
- 2.5 Summary of canonical imperatives
- 3. Non-canonical imperatives
- 3.1 First person (inclusive) imperatives
- 3.2 First person inclusive and third person imperatives
- 4. Modifiers in imperatives
- 4.1 Intensifiers
- 4.2 Downtoners
- 5. Other directive structures
- 6. Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- References
- Directive conditional and complement insubordination in Germanic languages
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Directive conditional insubordination
- 2.1 Conditional requests
- 2.2 Conditional threats
- 2.3 Summary
- 3. Directive complement insubordination
- 3.1 Direct negotiation: Complement orders and prohibitions
- 3.2 Mediated negotiation: Complement permission and advice
- 3.3 Summary
- 4. Semantic link between conditional and complement directives and conditionality
- 4.1 Conditional directives and conditionality
- 4.2 Complement directives and complementation
- 5. Comparative perspective
- 6. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Directive strategies in Modern Korean and Japanese
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Commands and requests
- 3. Command and request strategies in Korean
- 3.1 Commands
- 3.2 Benefactive request expressions
- 3.3 Other request expressions
- 4. Command and request strategies in Japanese
- 4.1 Commands
- 4.2 Benefactive request expressions
- 4.3 Other request expressions
- 5. Corpus study
- 5.1 Data
- 5.2 Commands
- 5.3 Benefactive request expressions
- 5.4 Formality and age factor
- 6. Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Eliciting evidence of functional differences: The imperative versus free-standing que- clauses
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Imperatives versus free-standing que-clauses in a corpus of conversational discourse
- 3. Imperatives versus free-standing que-clauses in a questionnaire
- 4. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Crossing the categorial divide: Imperative and interjection conversions in Romance
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Imperatives
- 2.1 In general
- 2.2 Romance morphology
- 3. Interjections
- 4. The intersection of imperatives and interjections
- 5. Transcategorization between imperatives and interjections in Romance
- 5.1 Imperatives to interjections
- 5.2 Interjections to imperatives
- 6. Diachronic origins of interjections and imperatives
- 6.1 Language evolution and acquisition
- 6.2 Overlap model
- 7. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
- References
- Index
