Time-Resolved Mass Spectrometry
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Pawel Urban is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry at National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. He studied his MISMaP MSc, in biology at the University of Warsaw, Poland between 1999 & 2002. He then studied at the University of York UK, between 2004 & 2007 where he gained his PhD, in Chemistry. He began working as a postdoctoral Assistant in the Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, before moving to Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich and 2 years later to National Chiao Tung University, where in both institutes he?worked as a PDRA, before beginning his current role of Assistant Professor.
Yu-Chie Chen is a Professor of Chemistry in the Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. She obtained her Bachelor degree at Kung University, Taiwan, her Masters at Sun Yat-sen, Taiwan and her P.h.D at Montana State University, USA. Before working at National Chiao Tung University, she held positions at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Tzu Chi Medical and Tzu Chi University.
Yi-Sheng Wang is an Associate Research Fellow at the Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. He acheived his Chemistry Ph.D. at the National Taiwan University, in 2001. Between 2001 & 2005, he began working as a?Postdoctoral Fellow, at the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences (IAMS), Academia Sinica, (including a Postdoctoral Fellow at?National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), Florida State University, U.S.A. between 2002-2003). In 2005, he moved to the Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, as a Assistant Research?Fellow, until 2011, when he was promoted to?his current position of Associate Research Fellow.
Content
Author Biographies xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
List of Acronyms xvii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Time in Chemistry 1
1.2 Mass Spectrometry 3
1.3 Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry 5
1.4 Dynamic Matrices 6
1.5 Real-time vs. Single-point Measurements 6
1.6 Further Reading 7
References 7
2. Ion Sources for Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry 11
2.1 Electron Ionization 12
2.2 Chemical Ionization 14
2.3 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization 18
2.4 Electrospray Ionization 19
2.5 Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization 24
2.6 Desorption/Ionization 25
2.6.1 Fast Atom Bombardment 26
2.6.2 Laser Desorption/Ionization 27
2.7 Innovations in the 21st Century 33
2.7.1 Ion Sources Derived from Electrospray Ionization 34
2.7.2 New Ion Sources Derived from Laser Desorption/Ionization 39
2.7.3 Plasma-based Ion Sources 40
2.8 Concluding Remarks 43
References 43
3. Mass Analyzers for Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry 53
3.1 Overview 53
3.2 Individual Mass Analyzers 54
3.2.1 Time-of-flight Mass Analyzers 54
3.2.2 Quadrupole Mass Analyzers 57
3.2.3 Sector Mass Analyzers 67
3.2.4 Fourier-transform Mass Analyzers 70
3.3 Integrated Analytical Techniques 77
3.3.1 Hybrid Mass Spectrometers 77
3.3.2 Ion Activation Methods 82
References 85
4. Interfaces for Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry 89
4.1 Molecules in Motion 89
4.2 Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry Systems 104
4.2.1 Photochemical Processes 104
4.2.2 Off-line Interfaces 107
4.2.3 Membrane Interfaces 107
4.2.4 Electrospray Ionization 108
4.2.5 Desorption Electrospray Ionization 115
4.2.6 Other Interfaces Derived from Electrospray Ionization 116
4.2.7 Interfaces for High-throughput Screening 118
4.2.8 Interfaces Using Laser Light 118
4.2.9 Interfaces Using Plasma State 119
4.2.10 Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry 120
4.2.11 Aerosol Mass Spectrometry 121
4.2.12 Proton-transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry 124
4.2.13 Examples of Other Interfaces 124
4.3 Concluding Remarks 126
References 127
5. Balancing Acquisition Speed and Analytical Performance of Mass Spectrometry 157
5.1 Overview 157
5.2 Spectrum Acquisition Speed 157
5.2.1 Spectrum Acquisition Time 158
5.2.2 Duty Cycle 159
5.3 Relationship between Spectrum Acquisition Time and Mass Spectrometer Performance 161
5.3.1 Mass Resolving Power 161
5.3.2 Mass Accuracy 163
5.3.3 Sensitivity and Detection Limit 165
References 167
6. Hyphenated Mass Spectrometric Techniques 169
6.1 Introduction 169
6.1.1 Chromatography 169
6.1.2 Electrophoresis 172
6.2 Separation Techniques Coupled with Mass Spectrometry 174
6.3 Ion-mobility Spectrometry 183
6.4 Other Hyphenated Systems 185
6.5 Influence of Data Acquisition Speed 187
6.6 Concluding Remarks 187
References 189
7. Microfluidics for Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry 195
7.1 Overview 195
7.2 Fabrication 195
7.3 Microreaction Systems 197
7.4 Hydrodynamic Flow 198
7.5 Coupling Microfluidics with Mass Spectrometry 200
7.6 Examples of Applications 204
7.7 Digital Microfluidics 209
7.8 Concluding Remarks 211
References 212
8. Quantitative Measurements by Mass Spectrometry 217
8.1 The Challenge of Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Measurements 217
8.1.1 (I) Instrument 218
8.1.2 (II) Sample 219
8.2 Selection of Instrument 221
8.3 Solutions to Quantitative Mass Spectrometry 221
8.3.1 Quantification with Separation 221
8.3.2 Quantification without Separation 226
8.4 Data Treatment 227
8.5 Concluding Remarks 228
References 228
9. Data Treatment in Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry 231
9.1 Overview 231
9.2 Definition of Terms 232
9.3 Spectral Patterns 232
9.3.1 Accurate Mass 233
9.3.2 Mass Calibration 235
9.3.3 Singly Charged Molecules 235
9.3.4 Multiply Charged Molecules 238
9.4 Mass Accuracy 238
9.5 Structural Derivation 240
9.5.1 Unsaturation and Ring Moieties 241
9.5.2 Nitrogen Rule 241
9.5.3 Functional Groups 241
9.6 Molecule Abundance 242
9.6.1 Signal Intensity 242
9.6.2 Quantity Calibration 243
9.6.3 Dynamic Range 244
9.7 Time-dependent Data Treatment 245
References 246
10. Applications in Fundamental Studies of Physical Chemistry 249
10.1 Overview 249
10.2 Chemical Kinetics 250
10.2.1 Quantum Chemistry 250
10.2.2 Reaction Kinetics 253
10.3 Chemical Equilibrium 259
References 263
11. Application of Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry in the Monitoring of Chemical Reactions 269
11.1 Organic Reactions 270
11.2 Catalytic Reactions 279
11.3 Photochemical Reactions 282
11.4 Concluding Remarks 284
References 284
12. Applications of Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry in the Studies of Protein Structure Dynamics 291
12.1 Electrospray Ionization in Protein Studies 292
12.2 Mass Spectrometry Strategies for Ultra-fast Mixing and Incubation 295
12.3 Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange 296
12.4 Photochemical Methods 301
12.5 Implementation of Ion-mobility Spectrometry Coupled with Mass Spectrometry 304
12.6 Concluding Remarks 305
References 307
13. Applications of Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry in Biochemical Analysis 315
13.1 Enzymatic Reactions 315
13.1.1 Requirements of Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry in Biocatalysis 315
13.1.2 Off-line and On-line Methods 316
13.1.3 Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry Studies of Enzyme Kinetics 317
13.1.4 Application of Microfluidic Systems 322
13.1.5 Biochemical Waves 323
13.2 Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry in Systems and Synthetic Biology 324
13.3 Monitoring Living Systems 328
13.3.1 Microbial Samples 328
13.3.2 Plant and Animal Samples 329
13.4 Concluding Remarks 330
References 331
14. Final Remarks 337
14.1 Current Progress 337
14.2 Instrumentation 338
14.3 Software 339
14.4 Limitations 340
References 340
Index 341
List of Acronyms
2D two-dimensional 3D three-dimensional ABS acrylonitrile butadiene styrene AC alternating current ADP adenosine diphosphate AMS aerosol mass spectrometry APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization API atmospheric pressure ionization APPI atmospheric pressure photoionization ASAP atmospheric solids analysis probe ATP adenosine triphosphate BIRD blackbody infrared radiative dissociation CAD computer-aided design C-API contactless atmospheric pressure ionization CCS collision cross-section CE capillary electrophoresis CEC capillary electrochromatography CFA continuous flow analysis CGE capillary gel electrophoresis CI chemical ionization CID collision-induced dissociation cITP capillary isotachophoresis CSI cold spray ionization CTI charge-transfer ionization CZE capillary zone electrophoresis DAPCI desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization DART direct analysis in real time DBDI dielectric barrier discharge ionization DC direct current DESI desorption electrospray ionization DHB 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid DIOS desorption/ionization on silicon DMF digital microfluidics EASI easy ambient sonic-spray ionization ECD electron capture dissociation EESI extractive electrospray ionization EI electron ionization EIC extracted-ion current EKC electrokinetic chromatography ELDI electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization ELISA electrostatic ion storage ring, Aarhus EM electron multiplier EOF electroosmotic flow ESI electrospray ionization ESSI electrosonic spray ionization ETD electron transfer dissociation EWOD electrowetting-on-dielectric FAB fast atom bombardment FAPA flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow FIA flow-injection analysis FID flame ionization detection FPOP fast photochemical oxidation of proteins FT Fourier transform FWHM full width at half maximum GC gas chromatography HDX hydrogen/deuterium exchange HETP height equivalent to a theoretical plate HILIC hydrophilic interaction chromatography HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography HV high voltage ICAT isotope-coded affinity tag ICP inductively coupled plasma ICR ion cyclotron resonance IM ion mobility IMAC immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography IMS ion-mobility spectrometry IR infrared IRMPD infrared multiphoton dissociation ISD in-source decay IT ion trap LAESI laser ablation electrospray ionization LC liquid chromatography LDI laser desorption/ionization LIT linear ion trap LMJ liquid microjunction LOD limit of detection LTP low-temperature plasma MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MAMS micro-arrays for mass spectrometry MCP microchannel plate MEKC micellar electrokinetic chromatography MIMS membrane inlet mass spectrometry MPI multiphoton ionization MRM multiple reaction monitoring MS mass spectrometry MudPIT multidimensional protein identification technology nanoDESI nanospray desorption electrospray ionization nanoESI nanospray electrospray ionization NBDPZ 4-nitro-7-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole NIMS nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NP-LC normal-phase liquid chromatography OIT orbital ion trap PA proton affinity PAT process analytical technology PDMS polydimethylsiloxane PE potential energy PEG polyethylene glycol PESI probe electrospray ionization PET polyethylene terephthalate PFTBA perfluorotri-n-butylamine PICT photoionization charge transfer PI-ESI polarization induced electrospray ionization PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate) PSD post-source decay PTR proton-transfer reaction Q quadrupole QMF quadrupole mass filter QqQ triple quadrupole RF radio frequency RMS root-mean-square RP reversed phase RP-LC reversed-phase liquid chromatography S sector SALDI surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization SAT spectrum acquisition time SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate SEC size-exclusion chromatography SID surface-induced dissociation SIFT selected ion flow tube SILAC stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture SIM selected ion monitoring SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry SPE solid-phase extraction SPME solid-phase microextraction S/N signal-to-noise SPI single photon ionization SRM selected reaction monitoring SSP surface sampling TE translational...
