Positive Sum Strategy
Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth
1st Edition
Published on 1. January 1986
656 pages
978-0-309-56798-5 (ISBN)
Description
This volume provides a state-of-the-art review of the relationship between technology and economic growth. Many of the 42 chapters discuss the political and corporate decisions for what one author calls a "e,Competitiveness Policy."e, As contributor John A. Young states, "e,Technology is our strongest advantage in world competition. Yet we do not capitalize on our preeminent position, and other countries are rapidly closing the gap."e, This lively volume provides many fresh insights including "e,two unusually balanced and illuminating discussions of Japan,"e, Science noted.
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01/1986
National Academies Press
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Content
- The Positive Sum Strategy
- Copyright
- Introduction
- WHY DIALOGUE IS NEEDED
- Why Should Technologists Be Concerned About Economics?
- Why Should Economists Be Concerned About Technology?
- THEMES OF THIS VOLUME
- Contents
- Editors' Overview
- ECONOMIC GROWTH-THE BASIS FOR ANY SOCIETY'S HOPES FOR THE FUTURE
- THE BASIC FACTOR IN ECONOMIC GROWTH: TECHNOLOGY (EMBODIED AND DISEMBODIED)
- INSIDE THE BLACK BOX OF TECHNOLOGY
- THE INNOVATIVE PROCESS AND ITS PROPER CLIMATE
- The Technological and Entrepreneurial Climate
- The Financial Climate
- OBSTACLES TO U.S. GROWTH: SUMMARY
- COMPETITIVENESS: THE FIRST PRIORITY FOR FUTURE AMERICAN PROSPERITY
- The Impact of Technological Innovation: A Historical View
- THE LIMITATIONS OF THE EXPERT
- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND UNEMPLOYMENT
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- Macroeconomics, Technology, and Economic Growth: An Introduction to Some Important Issues
- ISSUES IN MACROECONOMICS RELATED TO TECHNOLOGY
- CHANGING VIEWS ON A CHANGING ECONOMY: ALLEGED CRISIS IN ECONOMICS
- Economic Events of the 1970s
- Economic Schools of Thought
- RECENT ECONOMIC POLICY
- CONCLUSION AND PARTIAL RESEARCH AGENDA
- REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Microeconomics and Productivity
- GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY
- ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
- GROWTH PROSPECTS
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Dynamic Competition and Productivity Advances
- MOTIVATED COMPETITION
- STATISTICAL RESULTS
- NEED FOR LONGER-RUN ADJUSTMENTS
- CONCLUSIONS
- NOTES
- The Effect of Recent Macroeconomic Policies on Innovation and Productivity
- Macrorealities of the Information Economy
- SHIFTS IN OUTPUT AND EARNINGS
- INFORMATION WORKERS AND THE INVESTMENT RESPONSE
- A COMMON THREAD
- PRODUCTIVITY IMPLICATIONS
- A DARK SIDE
- REALITIES OR VISIONS?
- Harnessing Technology for Growth
- Technology and Its Role in Modern Society
- REVIEW OF AMERICA'S TECHNOLOGICAL POSITION
- ROLE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING
- CONCLUSION
- National Science Policy and Technological Innovation
- HISTORIC ROLES OF GOVERNMENT IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
- The Growing Role of Government
- Government and Basic Science
- The Watershed of World War II
- THE POSTWAR ERA AND THE NEW SOCIAL CONTRACT BETWEEN SCIENCE AND SOCIETY
- "Science the Endless Frontier"
- Trends in R&D Expenditures
- THREE EPOCHS IN POSTWAR SCIENCE POLICY
- The Cold War Period: 1945-1965
- The Social Priorities Period: 1965-1978
- The Period of Emphasis on Innovation Policy
- COMPARATIVE INDICATORS OF U.S. PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- Inputs
- Outputs
- Other Indices of Competitive Erosion
- RELATIVE ROLES OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN GENERATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY
- Areas of Consensus on Federal Responsibility
- Areas of Consensus on Inappropriateness of Government Role
- Areas of Controversy
- Other Public Policies for Innovation
- OUTLOOK AND PROSPECT: CAN THE U.S. DECLINE BE REVERSED?
- REFERENCES
- The Role of the Legal System in Technological Innovation and Economic Growth
- THE LEGAL SYSTEM AS FACILITATOR
- EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ON LAW
- CONSTRAINING ASPECT OF LAW
- Tort Doctrine of Negligence-Interface With Transportation
- Negligence and Nuisance-Interface With Environmental Protection
- Strict Products Liability
- Judicial Fact-Finding
- CONCLUSIONS
- RELATED ISSUES
- REFERENCES
- The Bhopalization of American Tort Law
- TORT LAW, OLD AND NEW
- Bipolarity
- Timeliness
- The World in the Oyster
- The Driving Force
- CAN THE LEGAL SYSTEM COPE?
- Regressive Incentives
- Inefficient Compensation
- Kindling the Flames
- The Writing on the Wall
- THE AGENCIES AND THE COURTS
- Institutional Competence
- Deferring to the Experts
- Compensating Victims
- PUBLIC RISKS AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY
- NOTES
- From Understanding to Manipulating DNA
- THE DOUBLE HELIX
- THE CENTRAL DOGMA
- THE GENETIC CODE
- THE ENZYMOLOGY OF DNA SYNTHESIS
- RULES FOR GENE EXPRESSION
- A PAUSE WITHIN THE GOLDEN AGE
- THE UNANTICIPATED DISCOVERY OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES
- THE MAKING OF THE FIRST RECOMBINANT DNA MOLECULES
- PRODUCTION OF FOREIGN PROTEINS BY RECOMBINANT DNA-BEARING PLASMIDS
- EXTENSION OF RECOMBINANT DNA METHODS TO CELLS OTHER THAN BACTERIA
- DECREASING BUT STILL HARMFUL REGULATION OF RECOMBINANT DNA
- POTENTIAL TO DO SCIENCE FAR EXCEEDS CURRENT FINANCIAL BASE
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- The Physical Sciences As the Basis for Modern Technology
- CHRONOLOGY OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES
- APPLIED SCIENCE SUPPORT FOR INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
- Crystals and Glasses
- Phase Rule Applications
- Hydrocarbons
- Surface Technology
- Nuclear Science and Radioisotopes
- SCIENCE SUPPORTING MEASUREMENT AND SYSTEMS
- Technological Education
- TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
- TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN JAPAN
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- Basic Research in the Universities: How Much Utility?
- WHY NEW UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS ARE DEVELOPING
- THE QUALITY-UTILITY DEBATE
- CONSIDERATIONS IN FORMULATING RESEARCH POLICIES
- What Growth and Cost Features Must Be Considered?
- How Is Quality To Be Recognized and Measured?
- How Is Utility To Be Recognized and Measured?
- Are Commercial Incentives Good Devices for Generating Utility From Quality?
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- An Overview of Innovation
- INTRODUCTION
- CHARACTERIZATION OF INNOVATION
- MODELS OF INNOVATION
- The Linear Model
- The Chain-Linked Model
- UNCERTAINTY IN INNOVATION
- ECONOMICS OF INNOVATION
- Rising Development Costs
- Resistance to Radical Innovation
- Financial Risks
- Coupling the Technical and the Economic
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Microeconomics of Technological Innovation
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN R&D AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
- SOCIAL AND PRIVATE RETURNS FROM SPECIFIC INNOVATIONS
- BASIC RESEARCH AND PRODUCTIVITY
- CENTRAL ROLE OF IMITATION COSTS AND TIMES
- Patents and Imitation Costs
- Imitation Costs, Entry, and Concentration
- PATENTS AND THE RATE OF INNOVATION
- PRICE INDEXES FOR R&D INPUTS
- THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS
- INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
- EFFECTS ON OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE OUTFLOW OF U.S. TECHNOLOGY
- CONCLUSIONS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Macroeconomics and Microeconomics of Innovation: The Role of the Technological Environment
- OVERVIEW
- IMPORTANCE OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
- COMMENTS ON CHAPTERS BY JORGENSON AND MANSFIELD
- REFERENCES
- Technical Change and Innovation in Agriculture
- THE CONTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH TO PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
- PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR GENERATION OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- Recent Trends in Public and Private Sector Research
- Perspective
- INDUCED TECHNICAL CHANGE IN AGRICULTURE
- Mechanical Processes
- Biological and Chemical Processes
- INDUCED TECHNICAL CHANGE: THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN
- IMPLICATIONS AND LESSONS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Technology Adoption: The Services Industries
- TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
- CREATIONS OF THE MIND
- INNOVATION
- THE SERVICES INDUSTRIES
- Productivity Versus Manufacturing
- Support Services Industries
- Medical Care Services
- TOTAL IMPACT
- Technology Diffusion, Public Policy, and Industrial Competitiveness
- THE ADOPTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND THE DOG THAT DID NOT BARK
- THE NEW MICROECONOMICS OF TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION-AN OVERVIEW
- Key Demand Factors in Technology Diffusion
- Key Supply Factors in Technology Diffusion
- CONCLUDING PERSPECTIVES ON PUBLIC POLICIES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- Determinants of Innovative Activity
- RELATIVE TECHNOLOGICAL POSITIONS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES
- DETERMINANTS OF NATIONAL PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
- EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES
- REFERENCES
- Programmed Innovation-Strategy for Success
- EASTMAN CHEMICALS: A CASE STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
- Making Research Central to a Company's Future
- The Role of Planning in a Research Organization
- Managing and Guiding the Process of Innovation
- Business Aspects of Managing R&D
- The Future at Eastman Chemicals
- INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY WITH CORPORATE STRATEGIC PLANNING
- The Chemical Industry: Challenges, Risks, and Rewards
- NOTES
- Entrepreneurship and Innovation: The Electronics Industry
- Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Biotechnology
- OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS
- Patent Protection
- REGULATIONS
- FDA Regulations
- Export Policy
- SUMMARY
- Impact of Entrepreneurship and Innovation on the Distribution of Personal Computers
- Making the Transition From Entrepreneur to Large Company
- Cultivating Technological Innovation
- UNDERPINNINGS OF TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH
- A CLOSER LOOK AT VENTURE FUNDS
- LARGE COMPANIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
- SUMMARY
- The Role of Large Banks in Financing Innovation
- BANKS AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
- THE ROLE OF LARGE BANKS IN THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM
- LARGE BANKS AND THE START-UP COMPANY
- BANKS AND THE EMERGING GROWTH COMPANY
- FINANCING INNOVATION IN THE ESTABLISHED COMPANY
- LARGE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AS GLOBAL INTERMEDIARIES
- CONCLUSIONS
- NOTES
- A View From Wall Street
- Trends in Financing Innovation
- Technology and Trade: A Study of U.S. Competitiveness in Seven Industries
- FINDINGS OF INDUSTRY STUDIES
- Automobiles
- Electronics
- Steel
- Fibers, Textiles, and Apparel
- Machine Tools
- Pharmaceuticals
- Civil Aviation Manufacturing
- SECTORAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
- Need for a Global Perspective
- Inconsistency of Policies, Institutions, and Priorities
- Small Firms Handicapped
- High Cost of Capital
- Role of Developing Countries
- Shortage of Trained Personnel
- Role of New Technology
- Other Common Themes
- POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
- NOTES
- Global Competition-The New Reality Results of the President's Commission on Industrial Competitiveness
- INDICATORS OF DECLINING U.S. COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCE
- FACTORS THAT AFFECT COMPETITION
- Technology
- Capital Resources
- Human Resources
- International Trade
- SUMMARY
- THE NEED FOR NATIONAL CONSENSUS TO IMPROVE COMPETITIVENESS
- Innovation, Job Creation, and Competitiveness
- INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES
- JOB CREATION
- MAJOR CHANGES IN PUBLIC POLICY
- IS THERE A WINNING GAME PLAN?
- CONCLUSION
- Dangers in U.S. Efforts to Promote International Competitiveness
- BACKGROUND OF U.S. COMPETITIVE DECLINE
- IMPLICATIONS OF LIKELY U.S. RESPONSES
- Government Policies for Innovation and Growth
- The Japanese Challenge in High Technology
- BACKGROUND
- Image I: Technological Follower
- Image II: Technological Leader
- Which Is the "Real" Japan?
- JAPAN'S TECHNOLOGICAL STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
- Successful Industries
- "Targeted" Technologies: Slower Progress
- CONCLUSIONS: MUST JAPAN INNOVATE?
- REFERENCES
- The Macroeconomic Background for High-Tech Industrialization in Japan
- THE 1970S-A TRANSITION INTO THE NEW MACROMANAGEMENT RULES
- SETTING NEW NATIONAL GOALS-THE MID-1980S
- IS TARGETING OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIALIZATION COMPATIBLE WITH MACROMANAGEMENT RULES?
- EXCESS SUPPLY OF PERSONAL SAVINGS
- FINANCING HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIALIZATION
- Capital Formation in the United States and Japan
- THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR
- CAPITAL AVAILABILITY
- TYPES OF COMPANIES AND FINANCING REQUIREMENT
- THE COST OF CAPITAL
- Cost of Funds (Cost of Capital)
- Cost of Capital Services
- SOME RECOMMENDATIONS ON CAPITAL FORMATION AND COMPETITIVENESS
- NOTES
- Contributors
- Index
