
Motorcycle Accident Reconstruction
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Content
- Cover
- Table of Contents
- Introduction
- CHAPTER 1 Technical Parameters for the Determination of Impact Speed for Motorcycle Accidents and the Importance of Relative Speed on Injury Severity
- Introduction and Objectives
- Historical View on In-Depth Studies Describing the Injury Situation of Motorcyclists
- Possibilities of In-Depth Research
- Basis for Reconstruction
- Basis for Statistics
- Basis for the Study
- Kinematics of Motorcycle Accidents
- Collision and Injury Situations of Motorcyclists
- Throwing Distance, Relative Speed, and Severity of Injury
- Severity of Secondary Collision
- Conclusions
- References
- CHAPTER 2 Driver-Control Interaction of a Curve-Safe Braking Control for Motorcycles
- Introduction
- Simulator
- Vehicle Model
- Steering Model
- Brake-Control Strategy
- Analysis
- Tractability
- Stability
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 3 Motorcycle Rider Trajectory in Pitch-Over Brake Applications and Impacts
- Introduction
- Crash Test
- Test Design
- Results
- Video Analysis
- Sled Tests
- Test Fixture Design
- Braking Simulation Development
- Results
- Video Analysis
- Analysis
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- CHAPTER 4 Occupant Trajectory Model using Case-Specific Accident Reconstruction Data for Vehicle Position, Roll, and Yaw
- Introduction
- Methods
- Vehicle Model
- Reference Frames
- Initial Conditions
- Equations of Motion
- Occupant Model
- Occupant in Vehicle
- Occupant in Air
- Occupant on Ground
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 5 Motorcycle Tire/Road Friction
- Introduction
- Review of Previous Investigations
- Test Procedure
- Results
- Effects of Severe Wear
- Conclusions and Discussion
- References
- Acknowledgments
- Appendix
- Data From Dry-Urface Tests
- Data From Wet-Surface Tests
- CHAPTER 6 Full-Scale Moving-Motorcycle-into-Moving-Car Crash Testing for Use in Safety Design and Accident Reconstruction
- Introduction
- Crash Test Methodology
- Test Facility
- Motorcycle Dolly
- Speed Control
- Impact Control
- Test Design
- Test 1
- Test 2
- Test 3
- Test 4
- Analysis
- Impact
- Deformation and Motion
- Moving Motorcycle into Stationary Car
- Moving Motorcycle into Moving Car-Test 1
- Moving Motorcycle into Moving Car-Test 2
- Moving Motorcycle into Moving Car-Test 3
- Moving Motorcycle into Moving Car-Test 4
- Summary
- Conclusion
- References
- Acknowledgments
- CHAPTER 7 Simulating Moving Motorcycle to Moving Car Crashes
- Introduction
- Simulation Software
- Crash Tests
- Crash Test Simulations
- Test 1 Analysis
- Vehicle Models
- Environment
- Test 1 Simulations
- Test 1 Simulation Summary
- Test 2 Analysis
- Vehicle Models
- Environment
- Test 2 Simulation
- Test 2 Simulation Summary
- Test 3 Analysis
- Vehicle Models
- Environment
- Test 3 Simulation
- Test 3 Simulation Summary
- Test 4 Analysis
- Vehicle Models
- Environment
- Test 4 Simulation
- Test 4 Simulation Summary
- Discussion & Conclusions
- References
- Acknowledgments
- Appendix
- Vehicle Data
- CHAPTER 8 Time and Distance Required for a Motorcycle to Turn Away from an Obstacle
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Daily, Shigemura, and Daily
- Lofgren, Mitchell, and Bonnett
- Limpert
- Watanabe and Yoshida
- Schibalski, Seeman, Weber, and Wolfer
- Rauscher
- Gilsdorf
- Shuman, Husher, Varat, and Armstrong
- Kasanický, Kohút, and Priester
- Benedikt et al.
- Giovannini, Savino, and Peirini
- Wright and Baxter
- Current Work: 2 m Lateral Excursion
- Riders and Motorcycles
- Test Area
- Test Methodology
- Results
- Conclusion
- References
- Acknowledgments
- CHAPTER 9 Validation of Equations for Motorcycle and Rider Lean on a Curve
- Introduction
- Motorcycle Lean on a Curve
- Assumptions
- Physical Testing-April 28, 2014
- Physical Testing-July 7, 2014
- Analysis and Results
- Conclusions
- References
- Acknowledgments
- Appendix
- CHAPTER 10 Accident Characteristics and Influence Parameters of Severe Motorcycle Accidents in Germany
- Introduction and Objectives
- Legal Regulation of Motorcycles in Germany
- Accident Studies Based on GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study)
- Database
- Evaluation Structure of the Study
- Injury Severity
- Accident Situation and Causes of Injury by Types of Accidents
- Collision Partners of Heavy Motorcycles and Closing Speed
- Cubic Capacity of Motorcycles
- Rider Individual Parameters (Age, Body Weight, Body Height, BMI)
- Collision Type and Injury Severity
- Multivariate Analysis
- Conclusion and Discussion
- References
- Acknowledgments
- CHAPTER 11 The Effects of Power Interruption on Electronic Needle-Display Motorcycle Speedometers
- Introduction
- Testing Details
- Power Interruption Testing
- Speedometer Drop Testing
- Test Results
- 1999 Harley Davidson FXDX
- 2013 Harley Davidson FLTRU
- 2015 Honda GL1800 Gold Wing
- 2015 BMW R1200GS
- 2014 Triumph T100 Bonneville
- 2012 Kawasaki ZX-14R Ninja
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- Appendix
- Appendix A Motorcycle VIN and Photographs
- Appendix B Speedometers Used in Drop Testing
- Appendix C Speedometers Used in Drop Testing after Disassembly
- CHAPTER 12 Testing Methodology to Evaluate Reliability of a "Frozen" Speedometer Reading in Motorcycle/Scooter Impacts with Preimpact Braking
- Introduction
- History of Speedometer Technology
- Literature Review
- Traffic Accident Investigation Manual, JS Baker, 1975
- Speedometer Examination: An Aid in Accident Investigation, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 65920, 1980
- Post-Collision Speedometer Readings and Vehicle Impact Speeds, Collision Magazine, 2010
- Reliable Determination of Impact Velocity on the Basis of Indications of the Speedometer Stopped After the Collision, International Scientific Conference, 2009
- A Review of Speedometers and the Criteria to be Considered Before Accepting 'Frozen' Readings and Other Marks, EVU 2013-27, 2011
- An Assessment of Speedometers Using Stepper Motors to Hold Their Position during High Speed Impact Testing, ITAI Conference Proceedings, 2014
- The Behaviour of Instrument Clusters during High-Speed Crash Testing, EVU 2015
- Accuracy of Retained Speedometer Readings, ITAI Conference Proceedings, 2014
- Testing Process for Evaluating the Reliability of a "Frozen" Motorcycle Speedometer Needle Reading
- Step 1-Identification of Gauge Needle Motor Type
- Step 2-Evaluation of Speedometer Needle Resistance
- Step 3-Gauge Needle Latency
- Confirmed Stepper Motor Results
- 1. 2008 Harley Davidson Heritage Softail Classic FLSTCI
- 2. 2014 Harley Davidson Heritage Softail FLSTC103
- 3. 2015 Harley Davison Street Glide Special FLHXS
- 4. 2014 Triumph Bonneville
- 5. 2015 BMW R1200RT
- 6. 2015 Indian Chieftain
- 7. 2014 Triumph Tiger Explorer
- Needle Movement at Power Loss
- Indeterminate Stepper Motor Results
- 8. 2006 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Classic LT
- 9. 2007 Kawasaki Ninja EX250
- 10. 2012 Kawasaki Ninja EX250
- 11. 2009 Honda Silver Wing FSC600 (Scooter
- 12. 2015 Honda Gold Wing 1800
- Antilock Braking Systems (ABS) and Traction Control
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- References
- Acknowledgments
- Appendix
- Appendix A: 2008 Harley Davidson Softail Classic FLSTCI
- Appendix B: 2014 Harley Davidson Heritage Softail FLSTC103
- Appendix C: 2015 Harley Davidson Street Glide Special FLHXS
- Appendix D: 2014 Triumph Bonneville
- Appendix E: BMW R1200RT
- Appendix F: Indian Chieftain
- CHAPTER 13 Video Analysis of Motorcycle and Rider Dynamics During High-Side Falls
- Introduction
- Site Inspection
- Case #1
- Case #2
- Case #3
- Case #4
- Speed Analysis from Audio Data
- Discussion and Conclusions
- References
- Acknowledgments
- About the Author
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