Advanced Functional Textiles and Polymers

Preface xvii

1 Flame Retarded Cotton Fabrics: Current Achievements, Open Challenges, and Future Perspectives 1
Giulio Malucelli

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Textile Finishing with Sol-Gel Treatments 8
1.3 Textile Finishing with Layer-by-Layer Assemblies 17
1.4 Current Limitations of Sol-Gel and Layer-by-Layer Treatments 25
1.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 26

2 UV Protective Clothing 33
Anu Mishra and Bhupendra Singh Butola

2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Harmful Effects of UV Radiations on Skin 34
2.3 Environmental Factors Influencing UV Level on Earth 39
2.4 Effect of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Textile Materials on UV Protection 42
2.5 Type of UV Finishes, Their Working Mechanism, and Limitations 46
2.6 Application Methods of UV Finish in Textiles 50
2.7 Test Methods for Quantitative Assessment of UV Protection of Textiles 54
2.8 Summary 57

3 Potential of Textile Structure Reinforced Composites for Automotive Applications 65
Vikas Khatkar, R. N. Manjunath, Sandeep Olhan and B. K. Behera

3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Materials for Automotive 68
3.3 Textile Materials for Automotive 80
3.4 Potential Automotive Parts to be Replaced with Textile Structural Composites 85
3.5 Lightweight Solution for Electric Car 93
3.6 Conclusion 93

4 Biotechnology Applications in Textiles 99
Lalit Jajpura

4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 Adverse Effects of Industrial Farm Practices in Cotton Cultivation 101
4.3 Application of Biotechnology in Cotton Cultivation 103
4.4 Wet Processing of Cotton and Its Environmental Impact 105
4.5 Enzyme and Its Properties 106
4.6 Classification of Enzymes 107
4.7 Enzymatic Bioprocessing of Cotton 108
4.8 Enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Removal by Catalase 113
4.9 Biopolishing of Cotton 114
4.10 Enzymatic Fading of Denim 114
4.11 Application of Biotechnology in Wool Production and its Wet Processing 115
4.12 Enzymatic Bioprocessing of Wool 115
4.13 Application of Biotechnology in Sericulture and Wet Processing of Silk 117
4.14 Enzymatic Bioprocessing of Silk 117
4.15 Application of Biotechnology in Sustainable Finishing 118
4.16 Application of Enzyme Immobilization Techniques in Reuse of Enzymes 119
4.17 Conclusion 119

5 Environmental Issues in Textiles 129
Rishabh Kumar Saran, Raj Kumar and Shashikant Yadav

5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 Textile Fiber 130
5.3 Processes in the Textile Industry 131
5.4 Key Environmental Issues 134
5.5 Environmental Impact of Textile Industry Wastewater 144
5.6 Environmental Legislation 146

6 Water Saving Technologies for Textile Chemical Processing 153
Nagender Singh

6.1 Introduction 154
6.2 Technologies for Water Saving in Textile Chemical Processing 158
6.3 Conclusion 166

7 Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Using Modified Titania 171
Waseem Raza and Mohd Faraz

7.1 Introduction 172
7.2 Photocatalytic Application 180
7.3 Factors Affecting the Degradation of Organic Pollutants 190
7.4 Conclusions 195

8 Advanced Approaches for Remediation of Textile Wastewater: A Comparative Study 201
Shumaila Kiran, Sofia Nosheen, Shazia Abrar, Fozia Anjum, Tahsin Gulzar and Saba Naz

8.1 Introduction 202
8.2 Treatment Methods for Textile Effluent 207
8.3 Sequential Method for Textile Effluent Treatment 240
8.4 Conclusion 247

9 Polymer-Supported Nanocomposite-Based Nanomaterials for Removal and Recovery of Pollutants and Their Application in Bio-Electrochemical System 265
Abdul Hakeem Anwer, Nishat Khan, Mohammad Shahadat, Mohammad Zain Khan, Ziauddin Ahammad Shaikh and Syed Wazed Ali

9.1 Introduction 266
9.2 Conclusion 282

10 Reactive and Functional Polymers 291
Tanvir Arfin

10.1 Introduction 291
10.2 Types of Textiles 293
10.3 Location of Textile Industries in India 293
10.4 Role of Polymer 294
10.5 Conclusion 301

11 Fabrication and Biomedical Applications of Polyvinyl-Alcohol-Based Nanocomposites with Special Emphasis on the Anti-Bacterial Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Polymer Nanocomposites 309
Shahnawaz Ahmad Bhat, Fahmina Zafar, Azar Ullah Mirza, Abdulrahman Mohammad, Paramjit Singh and Nahid Nishat

11.1 Introduction 310
11.2 Scope of the Chapter 312
11.3 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 313
11.4 Nanocomposite 316
11.5 Biomedical Applications of Nanocomposite 319
11.6 Conclusions 325

12 Preparation, Classification, and Applications of Smart Hydrogels 337
Ali Akbar Merati, Nahid Hemmatinejad, Mina Shakeri and Azadeh Bashari

12.1 Introduction 337
12.2 Preparation and Characterization of Smart Hydrogels 339
12.3 Classifications of Smart Hydrogels 344
12.4 Applications of Smart Hydrogels 348
12.5 Smart Hydrogel-Functionalized Textile Systems 353
12.6 Electrospinning of Smart Hydrogels 355
12.7 Future Trends of Smart Hydrogels 356
12.8 Conclusions 357

13 Potential Applications of Chitosan Nanocomposites: Recent Trends and Challenges 365
Tara Chand Yadav, Pallavi Saxena, Amit Kumar Srivastava, Amit Kumar Singh, Ravi Kumar Yadav, Harish, R. Prasad and Vikas Pruthi

13.1 Introduction 366
13.2 Synthetic Routes for the Preparation of Nanocomposites of Chitosan 368
13.3 Applications of Chitosan Nanocomposites 373
13.4 Biomedical Application 380
13.5 Future Prospects 388

14 Use of Polymer Nanocomposites in Asphalt Binder Modification 405
Saqib Gulzar and Shane Underwood

14.1 Introduction 405
14.2 Background 407
14.3 Polymer Nanocomposites 415
14.4 Rheological Impacts 418
14.5 Suggested Evaluation Method for PNC Modified Asphalt Binders 427
14.6 Summary 428

References 428
Index 433