Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

1. Introduction to wastewater microbiology: special emphasis on hospital wastewater 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History of wastewater origin and treatment 1.3 History of microbiology and pathogens discovery 1.4 Antibiotic discovery 1.5 Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater 1.6 Presence of pharmacological substances in aquatic environment 1.7 Conclusion and future perspectives Abbreviations References 2. Pharmaceutical metabolites and their by-products in hospital wastewater 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pharmaceutical metabolites and their classification 2.3 Route of entry and fate of pharmaceutical compounds 2.4 Metabolism and transformation mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds 2.5 Ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds 2.6 Detection of pharmaceutical compounds 2.7 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 3. Physical, chemical, and biological impact (hazard) of hospital wastewater on environment: presence of pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and antibiotic-resistance genes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pharmaceuticals and pathogens in hospital wastewater 3.3 The development of antibiotic resistance genes 3.4 The transportation of pharmaceuticals and pathogens in the environment 3.5 The prevention of pharmaceuticals and pathogens into environment 3.6 Conclusions and perspectives References 4. Microbiology of hospital wastewater 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Microorganisms and pathogens originating from hospital wastewater 4.3 Antibiotic-resistance genes prevalence in environment 4.4 Tools used to identify antibiotic-resistance genes 4.5 Metagenomics of hospital wastewater 4.6 Horizontal gene transfer 4.7 Emerging infectious particles 4.8 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations 5. Fate of pathogens and viruses in hospital wastewater and their treatment methods 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pathogen surveillance and detection in hospital wastewater 5.3 Types of pathogens present in hospital wastewater 5.4 Treatment methods available for pathogens present in hospital wastewater 5.5 Treated water monitoring and analysis 5.6 Summary 5.7 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 6. Multidrug-resistant genes and pathogenic bacteria in hospital wastewater 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Origin and mechanism of drug resistance 6.3 Antifungal drug resistance 6.4 Antibiotic-resistance bacteria 6.5 Antibiotic-resistance genes 6.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 7. Cancer treatment drugs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals release and fate in hospital wastewater 7.1 Introduction 7.2 List of chemicals released in the hospital wastewater 7.3 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals 7.4 Challenges in hospital wastewater treatment 7.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 8. Pharmaceuticals roles in microbial evolution 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Microbial evolution and adaptation 8.3 Aquatic environment microbiology 8.4 Soil microbiology 8.5 Effect on plants, animals, and humans in long run 8.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 9. Present scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practice: importance of wastewater microbiology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Antibiotic released in veterinary applications 9.3 Microbial association with animals 9.4 Dissemination of animal pathogens to environment 9.5 Animal viruses in wastewater 9.6 Recent studies on wastewater associated with animals 9.7 Molecular detection of veterinary pathogens 9.8 Policy interventions in animal health 9.9 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 10. Bacteriophages isolated from hospital wastewater and its role in controlling drug-resistant pathogens 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Background of bacteriophages (F) 10.3 Classification of bacteriophages 10.4 Phages commonly found in hospital wastewater 10.5 Role of phages in drug-resistance gene transfer 10.6 General (vast) applications of bacteriophages in different fields 10.7 Limitations of phage use in real world applications 10.8 Removal of phages from wastewater treatment plant 10.