Applied Multidimensional Geological Modeling

Acknowledgments xxviii

Part I Introduction and Background 1

1 Introduction to Modeling Terminology and Concepts 3
Alan Keith Turner, Holger Kessler, and Michiel J. van der Meulen

2 Geological Survey Data and the Move from 2-D to 4-D 13
Martin Culshaw, Ian Jackson, Denis Peach, Michiel J. van der Meulen, Richard Berg, and Harvey Thorleifson

3 Legislation, Regulation, and Management 35
Brian Marker and Alan Keith Turner

4 The Economic Case for Establishing Subsurface Ground Conditions and the Use of Geological Models 69
Jennifer Gates

Part II Building and Managing Models 93

5 Overview and History of 3-D Modeling Approaches 95
Andrew J. Stumpf, Donald A. Keefer, and Alan Keith Turner

6 Effective and Efficient Workflows 113
Donald A. Keefer and Jason F. Thomason

7 Data Sources for Building Geological Models 133
Abigail K. Burt, Phillip Sirles, and Alan Keith Turner

8 Data Management Considerations 183
Martin L. Nayembil

9 Model Creation Using Stacked Surfaces 211
Jason F. Thomason and Donald A. Keefer

10 Model Creation Based on Digital Borehole Records and Interpreted Geological Cross-Sections 235
Benjamin Wood and Holger Kessler

11 Models Created as 3-D Cellular Voxel Arrays 247
Jan Stafleu, Denise Maljers, Freek S. Busschers, Jeroen Schokker, Jan L. Gunnink, and Roula M. Dambrink

12 Integrated Rule-Based Geomodeling - Explicit and Implicit Approaches 273
Martin Ross, Amanda Taylor, Samuel Kelley, Simon Lopez, Cécile Allanic, Gabriel Courrioux, Bernard Bourgine, Philippe Calcagno, Séverine Carit, and Sunseare Gabalda

13 Discretization and Stochastic Modeling 295
Alan Keith Turner

14 Linkage to Process Models 319
Geoff Parkin, Elizabeth Lewis, Frans van Geer, Aris Lourens, Wilbert Berendrecht, James Howard, Denis Peach, and Nicholas Vlachopoulos

15 Uncertainty in 3-D Geological Models 357
Marco Bianchi, Alan Keith Turner, Murray Lark, and Gabriel Courrioux

Part III Using and Disseminating Models 383

16 Emerging User Needs in Urban Planning 385
Miguel Pazos Otón, Rubén C. Lois González, Ignace P.A.M. van Campenhout, Jeroen Schokker, Carl Watson, and Michiel J. van der Meulen

17 Providing Model Results to Diverse User Communities 403
Peter Wycisk and Lars Schimpf

Part IV Case Studies 427

18 Application Theme 1 - Urban Planning 429

Editor's Introduction 429

Case Study 18.1: Integrated 3-D Modeling of the Urban Underground of Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany 430
Rouwen Lehné, Christina Habenberger, Jacob Wächter, and Heiner Heggemann

19 Application Theme 2 - Groundwater Evaluations 457

Editor's Introduction 457

Case Study 19.1: Three-dimensional Geological Modeling of the Uppsala Esker to Evaluate the Supply of Municipal Water to the City of Uppsala 458
Eva Jirner, P-O. Johansson, and Duncan McConnachie

20 Application Theme 3 - Geothermal Heating and Cooling 479

Editor's Introduction 479

Case Study 20.1: Assessing Shallow Geothermal Resources at Zaragoza, Northeast Spain, with 3-D Geological Models 480
Alejandro García-Gil, Miguel Á. Marazuela, Violeta Velasco, Mar Alcaraz, Enric Vázquez-Suñé, and Albert Corbera

21 Application Theme 4 - Regulatory Support 501

Editor's Introduction 501

Case Study 21.1: The use of 3-D Models to Manage the Groundwater Resources of the Lower Greensand Confined Aquifer, Hertfordshire and North London, England 502
Catherine Cripps, Michael Kehinde, Melinda Lewis, and Marieta Garcia-Bajo

22 Application Theme 5 - Geohazard and Environmental Risk Applications 519

Editor's Introduction 519

Case Study 22.1: Christchurch City, New Zealand, 3-D Geological Model Contributes to Post-Earthquake Rebuilding 520
Mark S. Rattenbury, John G. Begg, and Katie E. Jones

23 Application Theme 6 - Urban Infrastructure 555

Editor's Introduction 555

Case Study 23.1: Design and Construction of a New Crossrail Station in London Assisted by a 3-D Ground Model 556
Angelos Gakis, Paula Cabrero, and David Entwisle

24 Application Theme 7 - Building and Construction 573

Editor's Introduction 573

Case Study 24.1: Three-Dimensional Volume Change Potential Modeling in the London Clay 573
Lee Jones, Ricky Terrington, and Andy Hulbert

25 Application Theme 8 - Historical Preservation and Anthropogenic Deposits 595

Editor's Introduction 595

Case Study 25.1: Evaluating Geological and Anthropogenic Deposits at the Bryggen World Heritage Site, Bergen, Norway 596
Johannes de Beer and Jonathan R. Ford

Part V Future Possibilities and Challenges 619

26 Anticipated Technological Advances 621
Matthew Lato, Robin Harrap, and Kelsey MacCormack

Index 635