Approaches to Grammaticalization

Name: Approaches to Grammaticalization | Volume II. Types of grammatical markers
Brand: John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Volume II. Types of grammatical markers

Elizabeth Closs Traugott Bernd Heine(Editor)

John Benjamins Publishing Company

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Published on 15. October 1991

XII, 558 pages

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APPROACHES TO GRAMMATICALIZATION II
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Table of contents
ABBREVIATIONS
Foreword
Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE LEXICAL ITEM & MORPHEME MODEL
3. THE DISCOURSE & MORPHOSYNTAX PERSPECTIVE
4. THE GRAMMATICAL CODING PERSPECTIVE ON GRAMMATICALIZATION
5. THE RELATION OF DIACHRONIC GRAMMATICALIZATION TO LANGUAGE CHANGE
6. THE UNIDIRECTIONALITY OF GRAMMATICALIZATION
7. COUNTEREXAMPLES TO UNIDIRECTIONALITY
8. MECHANISMS OF LANGUAGE CHANGE RELEVANT TO GRAMMATICALIZATION
9. CONDITIONS LICENSING GRAMMATICALIZATION
10. SOME QUESTIONS FOR THE FURTHER STUDY OF GRAMMATICALIZATION
11. ORGANIZATIONOF THE VOLUMES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
SECTION A: VERBAL STRUCTURE
Back to the Future
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHAT IS FUTURE?
3. ASPECTUAL GRAMS USED FOR FUTURE
4. MODALITY
5. SEMANTIC AGE FOR FUTURES BASED ON MODALITY USES
6. FUTURE GRAMS FROM MOVEMENT VERBS
7. FORM/MEANING COVARIATION
8. DEGREE OF FORMAL GRAMMATICIZATION
8.1. Fusion with the verb
8.2. Dependence
8.3. Shortness
9. CORRELATIONS
10. THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY
11. ASPECTUAL FUTURES
12. CONCLUSION
NOTES
REFERENCES
APPENDIX 1: GRAMCATS Meaning Components
APPENDIX 2: Future grams in the GRAMCATS database grouped by assigned semantic age (FUTAGE).
The Emergence of Perfective Aspect in Indo-Aryan Languages
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE INDO-ARYAN COMPOUND VERB
3. THE ARYAVARTAN COMPOUND VERB AND PERFECTIVE ASPECT
4. GRAMMATICIZATION AND ASPECTOGENESIS
4.1. Text frequency
4.2. Internal privileges of co-occurrence
4.3. External privileges of co-occurrence
5. OTHER POSSIBLE CONCOMITANTS OF GRAMMATICIZATION
5.1. Specialization
5.2. Morphological processes
6. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
7. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENERAL STUDY OF GRAMMATICIZATION
ABBREVIATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NOTES
APPENDIX: CV DATA
REFERENCES
SECTION B: ARGUMENT STRUCTURE
Grammaticization of Topic into Subject
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SUBJECT AND TOPIC
2.1. On the nature of a grammatical topic
2.2. On the nature of a grammatical subject
3. FROM TOPIC TO SUBJECT
3.1. Philippine topics as grammatical topics
3.2. Philippine topics as subjects
4. TOPIC SELECTION PATTERNS
5. GRAMMATICIZATION PATTERNS AND THE RISE OF SPLIT SYNTAX
6. SPLIT SYNTAX IN ERGATIVE LANGUAGES
7. SUMMARY
ABBREVIATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
From V/2 to Subject Clitics: Evidence from Northern Italian
INTRODUCTION
1. THE CLITIC STATUS OF OBLIGATORY SUBJECT PRONOUNS
2. STAGES ON THE PATH OF GRAMMATICALIZATION
2.1. The status of the 2sg.
2.2 Some dialects have doubling only in inverted word order
3. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
The Role of Motivation in the Emergence of Grammatical Categories: the Grammaticization of Subjects
INTRODUCTION
1. CODING
2. BEHAVIOR
2.1. Commands
2.2. Coordination
2.3. Nominalized clauses
2.4. Complex constructions
2.5. Relativization
3. WHY CAYUGA AND SELAYARESE NEED NOTGRAMMATICIZE A SUBJECT CATEGORY
3.2. Discourse-level topicality: Point of view
4. CONCLUSION
ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
Verbsto Promotional Suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath
INTRODUCTION
1. BENEFACTIVE/GENITIVE OBJECTS
1.1. The Sahaptian benefactive -'eni
1.2. The Sahaptian/Klamath benefactive ~*'eyl-*oy.
2. LOCATIVE GOALS
2.1. The Sahaptian directive -*éwe
2.2. The Klamath directive -otan
2.3. The Nez Perce locative -c'aa
2.4. The Sahaptian locative -*éce
2.5. The Nez Perce locative -'aatk
2.6. The Nez Perce locative -úukini
3. ABLATIVE OBJECTS
4. ASSOCIATIVE OBJECTS
5. COMPETITOR OBJECTS
6. CONCATENATED VERBS
7. CONCLUSION
NOTES
REFERENCES
Grammaticalization of Postpositions and Word Order in Senufo Languages
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Word order in the Senufo languages
1.2. The origin of the S AUX O V order
1.3. The place of postpositional phrases
2. VERBAL ETYMOLOGIES FOR SENUFO POSTPOSITIONS
2.1. na/la 'at, on, to'
2.2.niin, at, to'
2.3. m/pan [pã] 'to'
2.4. tán [tãnl/táán [tã:]/táánná [tã:na] 'beside'
2.5. fùn 'without'
2.6 kan 'for'
2.7. kurugo/kunu?? 'along, through, because of, after'
3. POSTPOSITIONS AND AUXILIARIES IN MANDE
4. FROM SERIAL VERB TO POSTPOSITION
ABBREVIATIONS
NOTES
REFERENCES
SECTION C: SUBORDINATION
From Postposition to Subordinator in Newari
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Typological Study Revisited
1.2. Newari
2. POSTPOSITIONS AND SUBORDINATORS IN CLASSICAL AND KATHMANDU NEWARI
2.1. Background
2.2. Subordinators
3. MORPHOLOGICAL REANALYSIS AND SYNTACTIC CHANGE
4. CONCLUSION
ABBREVIATIONS
NOTES
REFERENCES
The Evolution of Dependent Clause Morpho-syntax in Biblical Hebrew
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE PRE-HISTORY OF BIBLICAL HEBREW RELATIVE CLAUSES
2.1. The use of the noun 'place' as REL-subordinator: A general typological perspective
2.2. Relativization patterns in Early Biblical Hebrew
2.2.1. The finite 'asher-marked pattern
2.2.2. The participial relativization pattern
2.2.3. Lexical nominalizations
2.2.4. Infinitival syntactic nominalizations
2.3. The numerical distribution of the various relativization patterns in Early Biblical Hebrew
2.4. Because-ADV-clauses in Early Biblical Hebrew
3. COMPLEMENTS OF COGNITION-UTTERANCE VERBS IN EARLY BIBLICAL HEBREW
3.1. Indirect-quote complements
3.2. Direct-quote complements
3.3. The accusative blend indirect-quote pattern
4. THE BIBLICAL HEBREW DIALECT CONTINUUM
4.1. Main variables used to identify continuum-points
4.2. Adverbial clauses and the BH dialect continuum
5. THE DYNAMICS OF TRANSFER OF REL-CLAUSEMORPHOLOGY INTO THE V-COMPLEMENT PARADIGM IN BIBLICAL HEBREW
5.1. The shift of frequency distributions
5.2. Analogical pathways
5.2.1. Preamble
5.2.2. The accusative-propositional blend
5.2.3. The purpose-subjunctive blend
6. DISCUSSION
6.1. Multiple causation in grammatical evolution
6.2. The scope of analogy
6.4. The because-factive analogical pathway: Second time around?
6.3. Contact as an alternative explanation
6.5. The Biblical Hebrew dialect continuum
6.6. Syntactic change and secondary grammaticalization
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
SECTION D: MODALITY
A Quantitative Perspective on the Grammaticization of Epistemic Parentheticals in English
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
2. METHODOLOGY
3. TERMINOLOGY
4. HYPOTHESIS
5. RESULTS
5.1 Verbs
5.2 Subjects
5.3 I think
6. ARE EPS AN EXAMPLE OF GRAMMATICIZATION?
7. CONCLUSIONS
NOTES
REFERENCES
The Grammaticization of the German ModalParticles
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PHENOMENA AND QUESTIONS
3. SYNTACTIC CONSTRAINTS FOR MPS
3.1. Structural positions and linearity
3.2. Results and implications
4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATION: MP-LANGUAGES AND MIDDLE FIELD-LANGUAGES
5. PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MPS: FROM LEXICAL OR FUNCTIONAL BLEACHING TO ILLOCUTIVE FORCE
6. PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MPS: THEIR SCOPE AND THE DISCOURSE FUNCTION OF RHEME.
7. DIACHRONIC EVIDENCE
7.1. The NHG MP doch
7.1.1. Gothic.
7.1.2. Old high German thoh
7.1 3. MHG doch
7.2. The MP NHG eben and its diachronic development
7.3. The MP NHG halt
7.4. The MP NHG ja
7.5. Summary
8. CONCLUSIONS: TOWARD A THEORY OF GRAMMATICIZATION
8.1. Grammaticization vs. language change
8.2. Towards a typology of stages of grammaticization
8.3. Motivation and teleology of grammaticization
NOTES
REFERENCES
SECTION E: SPECTRA OF GRAMMATICALIZATION PATTERNS
Areal and UniversalDimensions of Grammatization in Lahu
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Southeast Asian linguistic area
2. "PARTICULIZATION" IN LAHU
2.1. In the noun-phrase: A noun becomes a noun-particle
2.1.1. thà? 'uppersurface'& OBJECT MARKER (direct or indirect)
efficacy/agentivity depressant
2.1.2. lo 'road/way' & locative particle
2.1.3.'object/possession' genitive marker
2.1.4. 'female proprietary spirit' & feminine agentive nominalizer
2.2. Verb & noun-particle: 'Copula' & pluralizer
2.3. In the verb-phrase: From verb to verb-particle
2.3.1. 'think / desire' & desiderative particle
2.3.2. 'come'& cisative particle and marker of non-3rd person beneficiary
2.3.3. 'place/put down'&perfective, durative, permanent action
2.4. Verb becomes a clause-particle (complementizer)
2.4.1. 'say ' & quotative/ topicalizer/conditional
2.4.1.1. Thai wâs, 'say
quotative complementizer'
2.4.1.2. Khmer thaa 'say
quotative complementizer'
2.4.1.3. Lahu qô? 'say' & qo 'if, qô? qo ("if one says") 'topicalizer.'
2.4.1.4. Tamang 3pi-sam and Mandarin de huà
2.4.2. 'come' & purpose marker
3. VERBLEACHING: FROM CONCRETE VERB TO ABSTRACTER VERB
3.1. Verb concatenation in Lahu
3.1.1 Subclasses of post-head versatile verbs.
3.1.1.1 The juxtacapital Vv's
3.1.1.2 The caudal Vv's.
3.1.1.3 The medial Vv's.
3.1.1.4 The variable Vv's.
3.1.2 Pre- vs. post-headedness and the continuum of abstractness.
3.1.2.1 Where both verbs can function as pre-head versatiles.
3.1.2.2 Where both verbs can function as post-head versatiles:
3.1.2.3 Where the first verb is a vV and the second is a Vv:
3.1.2.4 The constituent structure and semantic hierarchization of multiversatile concatenations.
3.1.3 Other types of multiverbal constructions in Lahu
3.1.3.1 Fortuitous concatenations
3.1.3.2 Resultative complements
3.1.3.3 Lexical compounds
3.1.3.4 Borderline cases.
3.1.4 Polysemy and grammatization.
3.1.4. phê 'send forth' & violent action
3.1.4.2 pò(n) 'pass by
be spared' & ago
except
3.2 Areal and universal patterns of verbleaching
3.2.1 'dwell/be at' & continuative¡progressive in ¡at
3.2.1.1 Lahu che
3.2.1.2 Burmese nei
3.2.1.3 Thai jùu
3.2.1.4 Chinese zài
3.2.1.5 Vietnamese
3.2.1.6 Yao Samsao yi?m
3.2.1.7 Hmong nyob
3.2.2 'get/ obtain' MANAGE/GET TO
HAVE TO/MUST
ABLE TO
3.2.2.1 Lahu ga
3.2.2.2 Thai dâj
3.2.2.3 Yao (Mien) Samsao tú?
3.2.2.4 Hmong tau
3.2.2.5 Vietnamese duoc and its analogues (especially Thai thúk and Chinese *tek)
3.2.2.6 Khmer baan
3.2.2.7 English 'get'
3.2.3. 'give' & causative/benefactive
3.2.3.1. Lahu pî and its competitors.
3.2.3.2. Yao Samsao pun
3.2.3.3. Vietnamese cho
3.2.3.4. Khmer qaoy
3.2.3.5. Mandarin gei
3.2.4. Excursus on Lahu te 'do'
4.0 CONTINUA OF GRAMMATICO-SEMANTIC CATEGORIES
4.1 "Verpositions" in SVO languages
4.2. Verbs as postpositions in SVO languages
4.2.1 'finish'& perfective
4.2.1.1 Lahu p?
4.2.1.2. Thai l?ew
4.2.2. GIVE/TAKE' outer-directed/'inner-directed
4.2.3. COME/GO toward/away from the deictic center (Postposition)
4.2.3.1. Thai maa, 'come' and paj 'go
4.2.3.2. Yao Samsao tâay 'come' and mîing 'go'
4.3 Verb-compounds vs. verb concatenations
4.3.1. "Idiomatic" concatenations
4.3.2. Productive compound-formations
4.4 Versatile verbs vs. verb-particles
4.4.1. Lahu pi 'be able'
4.4.2. Lahu 'perfective' ta revisited
4.5 The syntagmatic continuum: loss of syllable/morpheme boundary
4.5.1. Lahu qay 'go' & *qa + e
4.5.2. Thai kháp 'polite particle' & ráp
4.6. Cheshirization
4.6.1. PTB *sya 'meat
flesh' & *S?- 'body-part prefix' & HIGH TONE
4.6.2. Atsi and Mpi: citation-particle on verb special tone on verb
5. Concluding remarks
5.1. Areal and typological differences in grammatizational tendencies.
5.2. Predictability and controllability of grammatization
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
NOTES
REFERENCES
Ways to go in Rama: A Case Study in Polygrammaticalization
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE RAMA LANGUAGE: A TYPLOGICAL OVERVIEW
3. FROM POSTPOSITION TO RELATIONAL PREVERB
3.1. The nature of the conditions under which they occur
3.2. Their degree of productivity
3.3. The semantic relation that holds between each type of relational preverb and its postposition of origin
4. FROM POSTPOSITIONS TO SUBORDINATING MARKERS
5. ON THE VERBAL ORIGIN OF SOME TENSE/ASPECT/ MODALITY MARKERS
5.1. The inventory of Rama aspect and mood markers
5.2. Deverbal origin of aspect and modality markers
6. POLYGRAMMATICALIZATION: OVERVIEW OFINTERCONNECTED RAMA GRAMMATICALIZATION CHAINS
6.1. Argument marking domain
6.2. Aspect/modality domain
6.3.Polygrammaticalization
NOTES
REFERENCES
Grammaticalizationand Related Changes in Contemporary German
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NOMINAL CATEGORIES
2.1. Gender and number
2.2. Case relations
2.2.1. The possessive attribute relation
2.2.2. The dative relation
2.2.3. Loss by grammaticalization
2.3. Complex prepositions
2.4. von ... her and other limitative constructions
3. VERBAL CATEGORIES
3.1. Modal verbs
3.2. Progressive aspect
3.3. Andative and venitive
3.4. The addressee passive
3.5. Function verbs
4. INTENSIFICATION
4.1.mehrals
4.2.zunehmend
5. SENTENCE-LEVEL SYNTAX
5.1. Verb-second position in subordinate clauses
5.2. Verb-first position in main clauses
6. GRAMMATICALIZATION IN CONTEMPORARY GERMAN
NOTES
REFERENCES
Volume II. Index of languages
Volume II. Index of names
Volume II. Index of Subjects

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