Solar Cell Nanotechnology
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Preface xvii
Part 1 Current Developments 1
1 Design Considerations for Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar Cells 3
Prajwal Adhikary, Jing Li, and Qiquan Qiao
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Role of Interfacial Layer for Efficient BHJ Solar Cells 11
1.3 Selection of Interfacial Layer for Stable and Longer Lifetime 20
1.4 Materials Used as Interfacial Layer 26
1.5 Conclusion and Outlook 34
Acknowledgement 34
References 35
2 Carbazole-Based Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Role of Carbazole as Donor, Auxiliary Donor and p-linker 41
A. Venkateswararao and K. R. Justin Thomas
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Carbazole as a Donor for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 44
2.3 Carbazole as a p-Linker 64
2.4 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor for DSSC 75
2.5 Carbazole as Donor as Well as Linker for DSSC 87
2.6 Conclusion and Outlook 91
Acknowledgements 92
References 92
3 Colloidal Synthesis of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanocrystals for Photovoltaic Applications 97
Joanna Kolny-Olesiak
3.1 Introduction 97
3.2 Synthesis of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanocrystals 99
3.3 Application of Colloidal CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanoparticles in Solar Energy Conversion 109
3.4 Conclusion and Outlook 112
References 112
4 Two Dimensional Layered Semiconductors: Emerging Materials for Solar Photovoltaics 117
Mariyappan Shanmugam and Bin Yu
4.1 Introduction 118
4.2 Material Synthesis 119
4.3 Photovoltaic Device Fabrication 122
4.4 Microstructural and Raman Spectroscopic Studies of MoS2 and WS2 124
4.5 Photovoltaic Performance Evaluation 126
4.6 Electronic Transport and Interfacial Recombination 129
4.7 Conclusion and Outlook 132
References 133
5 Control of ZnO Nanorods for Polymer Solar Cells 135
Hsin-Yi Chen, Ching-Fuh Lin
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 Preparation and Characterization of ZnO NRs 137
5.3 Application of ZnO NR in Polymer Solar Cells 147
5.4 Conclusion and Outlook 154
References 154
Part 2 Noble Approaches 159
6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 161
Lakshmi V. Munukutla, Aung Htun, Sailaja Radhakrishanan, Laura Main, and Arunachala M. Kannan
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Background 163
6.3 DSSC Key Performance Parameters 173
6.4 Device Improvements 174
6.5 DSSC Performance with Different Electrolytes 180
6.6 Conclusion and Outlook 183
References 183
7 Nanoimprint Lithography for Photovoltaic Applications 185
Benjamin Schumm and Stefan Kaskel
7.1 Introduction 186
7.2 Soft Lithography 186
7.3 NIL-Based Techniques for PV 190
7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 198
References 199
8 Indoor Photovoltaics: Efficiencies, Measurements and Design 203
Monika Freunek (Müller)
8.1 Introduction 203
8.2 Indoor Radiation 205
8.3 Maximum Efficiencies 208
8.4 Optimization Strategies 213
8.5 Characterization and Measured Efficiencies 216
8.6 Irradiance Measurements 217
8.7 Characterization 217
8.8 Conclusion and Outlook 219
References 221
9 Photon Management in Rare Earth Doped Nanomaterials for Solar Cells 223
Jiajia Zhou, Jianrong Qiu
9.1 Introduction 223
9.2 Basic Aspects of Solar Cell 224
9.4 Down-Conversion Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Application 232
9.5 Conclusion and Outlook 236
References 238
Part 3 Developments in Prospective 241
10 Advances in Plasmonic Light Trapping in Thin-Film Solar Photovoltaic Devices 243
J. Gwamuri, D. Ö. Güney, and J. M. Pearce
10.1 Introduction 244
10.2 Theoretical Approaches to Plasmonic Light Trapping Mechanisms in Thin-fi lm PV 247
10.3 Plasmonics for Improved Photovoltaic Cells Optical Properties 256
10.4 Fabrication Techniques and Economics 260
10.5 Conclusion and Outlook 263
Acknowledgements 266
References 266
11 Recent Research and Development of Luminescent Solar Concentrators 271
Yun Seng Lim, Shin Yiing Kee, and Chin Kim Lo
11.1 Introduction 272
11.2 Mechanisms of Power Losses in Luminescent Solar Concentrator 274
11.3 Modeling 276
11.4 Polymer Materials 279
11.5 Luminescent Materials for Luminescent Solar Concentrator 280
11.6 New Designs of Luminescent Solar Concentrator 286
11.7 Conclusion and Outlook 287
References 289
12 Luminescent Solar Concentrators - State of the Art and Future Perspectives 293
M. Tonezzer, D. Gutierrez, and D. Vincenzi
12.1 Introduction to the Third Generation of Photovoltaic Systems 294
12.2 Luminescence Solar Concentrators (LSCs) 294
12.3 Components of LSC Devices 299
12.4 Pathways for Improving LSC Efficiency 308
12.5 Conclusion and Outlook 311
Acknowledgments 312
References 312
13 Organic Fluorophores for Luminescent Solar Concentrators 317
Luca Beverina and Alessandro Sanguineti
13.1 Introduction 318
13.2 LSCs: Device Operation and Main Features 321
13.3 Luminophores in LSCs 324
13.4 Conclusion and Outlook 349
References 351
14 PAn-Graphene-Nanoribbon Composite Materials for Organic Photovoltaics: A DFT Study of Their Electronic and Charge Transport Properties 357
Javed Mazher, Asefa A. Desta, and Shabina Khan
14.1 Introduction 358
14.2 Review of Computational Background 379
14.3 Atomistic Computational Simulations: Modeling and Methodology 385
14.4 Results and Discussions 389
14.5 Conclusion and Outlook 398
References 400
15 Analytical Modeling of Thin-Film Solar Cells - Fundamentals and Applications 409
Kurt Taretto
15.1 Introduction 409
15.2 Basics 410
15.3 Fundamental Semiconductor Equations 417
15.4 Analytical Models for Selected Solar Cells 425
15.5 The Importance of the Temperature Dependence of VOC 442
15.6 Conclusions and Outlook 444
Acknowledgements 444
References 444
16 Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells: Current Global Scenario 447
Sandeep Rai and Atul Tiwari
16.1 Introduction 448
16.2 Current Developments in OPVs 455
16.3 Economics of Solar Energy 464
16.4 Conclusions and Future Trends in Photovoltaic 468
References 471
17 Real and Reactive Power Control of Voltage Source Converter-Based Photovoltaic Generating Systems 475
S. Mishra and P. C. Sekhar
17.1 Introduction 476
17.2 State of Art 478
17.3 Proposed Solution 479
17.4 Modeling of the PV Generator 480
17.5 Control of the PV Generator 483
17.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Architecture 491
17.7 Conclusion and Outlook 501
References 502
Index 505
