Advanced Functional Materials

Preface xv Part 1: Functional Metal Oxides: Architecture, Design, and Applications 1 Development of Toxic Chemicals Sensitive Chemiresistors Based on Metal Oxides, Conducting Polymers and Nanocomposites Thin Films 3 Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar, Hyung-Kee Seo, and Hyung-Shik Shin 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Chemiresistor 6 1.3 Conducting Polymers Nanostructures for Chemiresistors 21 1.4 Semiconducting Nanocomposites for Chemoresistors 44 1.5 Conclusions and Outlook 48 Acknowledgments 49 References 49 2 The Synthetic Strategy for Developing Mesoporous Materials through Nanocasting Route 59 Rawesh Kumar and Biswajit Chowdhury 2.1 Introduction to Nanocasting 59 2.2 Steps of Nanocasting 61 2.3 Porous Silica as Template for Inorganic Compounds 68 2.4 Porous Silica as Template for Mesoporous Carbon 86 2.5 Porous Carbon as Template for Inorganic Compound 104 2.6 Future Prescriptive 113 2.7 Limitation 114 2.8 Conclusion 115 Acknowledgments 116 References 116 3 Spray Pyrolysis of Nano-structured Optical and Electronic Materials 127 Nurdan Demirci Sankir, Erkan Aydin, Esma Ugur, and Mehmet Sankir 3.1 Introduction 128 3.2 Spray Pyrolysis Technology 128 3.3 Nanoparticles Created via Spray Pyrolysis Method 134 3.4 Nanopillars and Nanoporous Structures 142 3.5 Nanocrystalline Thin Film Deposition by Spray Pyrolysis 150 3.6 Conclusion 167 Acknowledgments 168 References 168 4 Multifunctional Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 183 Noppakun Sanpo, Cuie Wen, Christopher C. Berndt, and James Wang 4.1 Introduction 183 4.2 Ferrites 187 4.3 The Sol Gel Method 189 4.4 Chelating Agents 195 4.5 Approach and Methodology 199 4.6 Experimental Results 202 4.7 Concluding Remarks 213 Acknowledgements 214 References 214 5 Heterostructures Based on TiO2 and Silicon for Solar Hydrogen Generation 219 Dilip Kumar Behara, Arun Prakash Upadhyay, Gyan Prakash Sharma, B.V. Sai Krishna Kiran, Sri Sivakumar and Raj Ganesh S. Pala 5.1 Introduction 220 5.2 Overview of Heterostructures 221 5.3 TiO2 Heterostructures 234 5.4 Silicon Based Heterostructures 253 5.5 Some Unaddressed Issues of Heterostructures in Relation to Photocatalysis 261 5.6 Summary/Conclusions and Future Outlook 262 Acknowledgment 263 Notes on Contributors 263 References 264 6 Studies on Electrochemical Properties of MnO2 and CuO Decorated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as High-Performance Electrode Materials 283 Mohan Raja 6.1 Introduction 283 6.2 Experimental 285 6.3 Characterization 286 6.4 Results and Discussion 286 6.5 Conclusion 292 References 293 Part 2: Multifunctional Hybrid Materials: Fundamentals and Frontiers 7 Discotic Liquid Crystalline Dimers: Chemistry and Applications 297 Shilpa Setia, Sandeep Kumar and Santanu Kumar Pal 7.1 Introduction 298 7.2 Structure-Property Relationship of Discotic Dimers 300 7.3 Applications 357 7.4 Conclusions and Outlook 361 8 Supramolecular Nanoassembly and Its Potential 367 Alok Pandya, Heena Goswami, Anand Lodha and Pinkesh Sutariya 8.1 Supramolecular Chemistry 368 8.2 Nanochemistry 376 8.3 Supramolecular Nanoassembly 384 8.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 394 References 396 Suggested further reading 397 9 Carbon/-Based Hybrid Composites as Advanced Electrodes for Supercapacitors 399 S.T. Senthilkumar, K. Vijaya Sankar , J. S. Melo, A. Gedanken, and R. Kalai Selvana 9.1 Introduction 400 9.2 Principle of Supercapacitor 402 9.3 Activated Carbon and their Composites 410 9.4 Carbon Aerogels and Their Composite Materials 411 9.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and their Composite Materials 415 9.6 Two-Dimensional Graphene 417 9.7 Conclusion and Outlook 424 Acknowledgements 425 10 Synthesis, Characterization, and Uses of Novel-Architecture Copolymers through Gamma Radiation Technique 433 H. Ivin Melendez-Ortiz and Emilio Bucio 10.1 Introduction 434 10.2 Ionizing Radiation 435 10.3 Gamma-Ray Measurements 438 10.4 Synthesis of Graft Polymers by Gamma-Rays 441 10.5 Different Architecture of Polymers 449 10.6 Polymer Characterization 455 Acknowledgments 458 References 458 11 Advanced Composite Adsorbents: Chitosan versus Graphene 463 George Z. Kyzas 11.1 Introduction 463 11.2 Chitosan-Based Materials 465 11.3 Graphene-Based Materials 478 11.4 Graphene/Chitosan Composite Adsorbents 483 11.5 Conclusions 488 References 489 12 Antimicrobial Biopolymers 493 S. Sayed and M.A. Jardine 12.1 Introduction 493 12.2 Biopolymers 496 12.3 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 506 12.4 Metal Loading 514 12.5 Assessment of Antimicrobial/Antifungal Testing Methods 518 12.6 Conclusion 525 References 526 13 Organometal Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications 535 Sai Bai, Yizheng Jin, and Feng Gao 13.1 Introduction 535 13.2 Fundamentals of Organometal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 537 13.3 Deposition Methods and Crystal Engineering of Organometal Halide Perovskites 547 13.4 Commercialization Challenges and Possible Solutions 558 13.5 Summary and Conclusion 561 Acknowledgements 562 References 562 Index 567